Film and Photographic Equipment Essay

As of the time of the case, 2007, although IMAX was involved in three different industries, the case suggests that it was primarily in Photographic Equipment and Supplier industry primarily because about 51 per cent of its total revenue of IMAX was system sale. Therefore, the following analysis will focus on that industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Major suppliers of photographic equipment and supplier industry may include manufacturers producing relevant components of any kind of equipment, contractors making the complete equipment, and so forth. From my viewpoint, the suppliers’ bargaining power is low because of several reasons. First, along with the development of photographically relevant equipment, although the products firms provide are technically concentrated, there are certain standards recognized and adopted, such as film size of 35 mm or certain sizes of lens filter, in the industry. Therefore, the switching cost for their buyers is low. Second, photographic equipment and supplier industry is an important customer to its supplier group. Specifically, the usage of the products that the supplier group provides is limited to machinery or equipment in other industries. Besides, although there are few substitute products, which situation generally increases supplier group’s bargaining power, firms in photographic equipment and supplier industry still can easily find other manufacturers with lower cost. Bargaining Power of Buyers The buyer group of photographic equipment and supplier industry is enormous, ranging from B2B buyers like motion picture production firms to B2C buyers like customers who purchase digital single lens cameras. Considering the difference of consuming difference of buyers and following reasons, the bargaining power of buyers is medium. First, sales volume varies among different segments. For example, motion movie production studios or chain multiplexes may have high bargaining power because of high purchasing volumes; on the other hand, customers who go to Staple to purchase a copy machine have little or no bargaining power. Second, the products in photographic equipment and supplier industry are generally undifferentiated because of aforementioned regular standard existing, and therefore bargaining power increases. However, exception could be that once new products are launched with attracting feature and highly accepted by buyers, such as IMAX format, the bargaining power decreases. Moreover, because of the great scope of photographic equipment, switching cost varies extremely, taking the difference between cameras shooting in IMAX digital format and little digital cameras from all brands in the market as example. Besides, backward integrations are less likely to happen compared to forward integrations from supplier group. Threat of Substitute Products In photographic equipment and supplier industry, treat of substitute is low primarily because products from this industry has been evolving for decades and has become essential goods. For instance, copy machine, also provided from the industry, has become essential equipment in firms and institutions. Although the substitute products to this example could be pens and paper, few people really would do that for efficiency concern, and therefore the switching cost is high. Intensity of Rivalry Competition in photographic equipment and supplier industry is intense for reasons. Because of the specialized nature of the products, generally exist barrier is high for big companies like Cannon, Nikon, and Xerox, and those major competitors are highly committed to the industry by providing products with advanced technology and competing against each other intensively. Although some products in the industry can differentiate themselves from others and protected by patents for a period of time, new film format from IMAX for example, once competitors foresee the great potential profitability, it is not difficult for them to produce products with similar features to split the market share. Threat of Entry From my viewpoint, the threat of entry in the industry is medium. Take multi-business electronics suppliers such as Sony and Samsung as example, they supply various lines of products and compete against each other. Even photographic equipment is not their primary selling product, supported by strong capital and experienced R&D departments, those companies are able to enter photographic equipment and supplier industry and split a piece of market share, primarily because of their existing reputation from relevant electronics industry. To deal with new coming competitors, current suppliers are less likely to have continuous price cutting battles because of high fixed costs; instead, it is more likely to increase investments, like R&D, and product lines to keep market share in every targeted segment. An obvious example is that when Sony entered digital single lens camera market with cheaper price, other major suppliers like Nikon and Cannon did not cut price on existing premium products but expanded product lines to launch cheaper products competing directly to Sony. In short, the barrier is not so high for certain new competitors to come into the industry, but because of the intense reaction from existing players, the impact and threat new comings bring in is moderate. Competitive Advantages Advanced Technology One of the competitive advantages of IMAX and the most distinguishing characteristics that differentiate the company from its competitors is its advanced and unique technology that brings new formats, and other associated system equipment like screen and projector into the industry. The key element contributes to this advantage is that the company was committed to invest in R&D. In return, the company was granted many patents that would keep the company in a unique position and from direct competition in the industry. Products Quality Control and Relationship Another IMAX’s competitive advantage is its quality control of products and system implementation. With its distinguishing technology, IMAX had been implementing the system into multiple locations, including multiplexes and education institutions, and because of its strict quality control and maintenance service, the company could maintain good relationship with diverse customers. The agreement of theatrical system implementation and service is an advantage for IMX to generate revenue not only from one-time transactions but long term profit splitting. Brand image and Product Distribution Diversity IMAX has built a unique brand image both from hardware and software perspectives and that also remains the company competitive. First, people would recognize IMAX as a prestigious theatrical system supplier based on their experience from multiple locations. Especially when major multiplex brands and education institutions carry its system, it’s very likely that people would naturally feel IMAX credible. The consequence is beneficial for IMX to expand business later, such as entering home theater system market. From the software perspective, especially the company’s educational entertainment production, not only create revenue other than just from commercial production but catch the trend of increased consumption of educational entertainment. The situation help IMAX build up a unique brand image that its production is not only commercial but educational so that people would have more trust in the company’s future motion picture production. To sum up, although IMAX has several competitive advantages, not all of them will last for too long. For instance, competitors could match up with its advances technology by inventing other formats and once they are accepted by end consumers, it will become a big threat for the company; On the other hand, some advantages could last for a long time once IMAX take good care of them. For example, the brand image being as a well motion picture production supplier is one that can remain in consumers’ minds for a long time and that’s not what new competitors can achieve in a short time. Corporate Advantages From my viewpoint, IMAX has corporate advantages because of its diverse productions from equipment supplier, motion picture production, and distribution industry. However, the most important issue is how to leverage those segments to increase the company’s growth. Business & Resources  IMAX’s core business, photographic equipment and supplier, provides capabilities to enhance all its business. The company has created competitive advantages as mentioned and those advantages enhance the company’s business across industries. For instance, for its motion picture production business, all the films are shot in new IMAX formats, film or digital, by the equipment its own supplier segment produces, it reduce huge cost for format conversion compared to other films shot in different formats y other studios. Organization Because of the narrow scope of the business, coordination among different sectors in the organization is critical for IMX. For instance, the vertical integration of the business allows the company to share resources such as instant feedbacks for its R&D department from motion picture production sector. By sharing these experience and information, the company will have the ability to forecast and adapt to new opportunities shortly in the future for every sectors in its value chain. In short, IMAX’s corporate advantages come from its competitive advantages and vertical integration. Because its business is based on unique technology and coordinated the whole value chain, it is not easy for competitors to imitate and therefore time for its corporate advantages is expected to last. Recommendations Keep Diversity of Production To answer the question that if IMAX would lose its differentiation because of numerous Hollywood films, my recommendation is that IMAX should keep doing converting Hollywood films and at the same time producing educational films. One reason is that format conversion brings good revenue for IMAX and people would be able to tell the difference between Hollywood movies in IMAX format and its own production. On the other hand, IMAX should keep catching on the trend of the increasing consumption of educational entertainment, because the company has been building up a good image distributing films in educational institutions and such would also prevent the erosion of its brand image. Not Sold to Larger Studios  Another recommendation for IMAX is that it should not be sold to a larger studio, and the main reason is that IMAX has already created its own competitive and corporate advantages and they are not easy to imitate. What IMAX should do is properly exploiting its assets, both tangible and intangible. Although the company in motion picture production industry is small and face competitors like Pixar, it should still stay on the track catching the trend by coordination and support from its other business ectors. Expanding Market & Production Diversity IMAX’s new technology is standing in a niche market without sustainable growth. Even though the company is able to keep generate great revenue from equipment sales, saturation in USA will become an issue someday. To deal with that, IMAX has to make a short term strategy doing business in USA and expand to global market, because from Exhibit 11, we can see that films generated revenue approximately two tim es overseas more as those in USA. However, for long term strategy, IMAX has to find a way to expand its business in a slow-growing market. For instance, the company can expand its product lines into home theater system because the case indicates a high usage rate of DVD, and the system is still highly relevant equipment to the current product lines. By doing so, IMAX can benefit from creating potential revenue from new sources and from keeping its brand image as a innovating company in the equipment supplier industry.

Juvenile Probation Officers Essay

All Juvenile Probation Officers (JPO) are required to complete 40 working hours per week following a flexible work schedule. JPOs are entitled to paid working holidays which includes, but are not limited to, New Year’s Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. Please note that in the occasion that the holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, another day off may be substituted, upon approval of the employer. JPOs may also be granted a vacation leave after six months of continuous service has been rendered. The number of vacation leave, however, will depend on the number of years in service, with a maximum of 15 days for those having rendered at least one year of continuous service. JPOs are also entitled to family leaves in cases of giving birth or conception-related cases, adoption, care of new-born child, family illness, child’s medical appointment of parent-teacher conference Health Insurance. All employees are entered in a group health insurance under a health maintenance organization (HMO) as approved by two-thirds of the majority during the General Assembly Meeting. The group insurance will cover hospitalization, health, long-tern disability, and accident expenses. Employer contribution starting January 2007 will be $557 per month. As such, premiums required for maintenance of the insurance, in excess of the employers contribution, shall be deducted by the state treasurer on the JPO’s salary on a monthly basis and upon employee’s written order. Retirement/ savings plan. After achieving five years of continuous service, provided that the employee is 50 years of age, a JPO is entitled to a retirement benefit which will be computed based on the employee’s age of retirement, length of service, and pre-retirement earnings. Employees may opt for a normal or early retirement, the latter, however, will deduct the accrued benefits for the years prior to the normal retirement age. The employee may choose to receive payment of benefits on a straight life annuity where the retiree will be paid on a periodic basis; or lump-sum payment where the retiree will receive the full one-time payment and no further benefits will be given to the employee upon receipt of payment. Other options will be joint-and-survivor annuity where benefits are provided for married participants. The amount of survivor annuity shall be between 50-100% of the amount payable for the time the couple is alive. The amount, however, will be lower than that received from straight life annuity. In cases where an employee become totally disabled or ill prior to his eligibility in the retirement plan, but has served the company for 10 consecutive years, he will be entitled for a disability retirement benefit, which he could defer or immediately claim. Life insurance. In cases of death or dismemberment of employees, they will be entitled to a life insurance benefit which will be paid in lump sum following the multiple-of-earnings formula. Using this formula, the length of service and earnings of the employee will be incorporated in the computation and will therefore increase following an increase in employee’s salary. Provisions for the life insurance includes accidental death and dismemberment benefits to the employee or his beneficiary equivalent to the basic life insurance and a percentage of the life benefit for dismemberment; monthly income to surviving family members of the employee; retirement from work; and reduction of life insurance for employees near or above 65 years.

Discuss the letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss the letter - Essay Example However reading the opening part of the letter, the author seems to be rational in his ideas as he quotes concrete evidence of whatever that he perceives. The author has based his understanding of the situation upon hardcore facts and not mere assumptions. In this case it can be said that the argument presented by the author is rationally strong as it provides the readers with a reason to believe. However as we move to the next passage of the letter, it can be observed that though the author has build up his argument in a rational manner once again, but this argument contradicts the preceding one. In this case, though, the readers have strong evidence and reasons to believe in what is being communicated, but the contradiction in the overlapping passages may go on to bewilder the readers and lead to a state of irresolution (Sellnow 185). The penultimate passage is followed by a conclusive one. Ironically, the conclusive part of the letter leaves the readers with a question, unanswered. In this paragraph, the author has used his rhetorical power to get his message across to the audience. The author incorporates a personalized tone to the message and indicates the inception of personal influence in the conclusion that the author has drawn himself, inspired by his personal experiences and perceptions to various stimuli in the world. The final lines of the letter are analyzed to be rhetoric because the author does not provide solid evidence or basis to the reader to believe in what is being said. The reader is left with the freedom to either believe in what is being said or simply leave it. This is the specified characteristic of rhetorical arguments; they leave the reader in an indecisive state and let them make their own opinions. However there is a strong likelihood of readers agreeing to what is being communicated and base their opinions as per those of the author, but this depends upon

Employability Skills in Improving Quality of Performance Essay

Employability Skills in Improving Quality of Performance - Essay Example Therefore, team role is â€Å"an inclination to behave, contribute and interrelate with other people in a particular way†, and it measures behavior rather than individuals personally (Belbin 2011). Therefore, we can guarantee that we can use our strengths to our advantage, by discovering our team roles to assist us to manage our weak points. According to Belbin (1981, cited in select knowledge 2001 p.32), there are nine team roles which individuals prefer to assume or avoid when required by circumstances. These team roles consist of Resource Investigator, Coordinator, Monitor Evaluator Team workers, Plant, Implementer, Shaper, Specialist, and Completer Finisher (Belbin 2011). I have experienced some of these roles in my high school study team and in other various tasks; I have done with friends during previous engagements. Some of them relate to my team members and others to me. The first role is the plant, which consists of people who are highly creative, who innovate and inv ent methods or technique. These people through innovation provide the foundation in which ideas develop in the team (Belbin 2011). These people have a character of alienating themselves from the rest of the team so that they can concentrate on their imaginative thinking. They have a personality of being introverts and are self-centered and would have strong reactions to both criticism and praise. This is because they are normally original in their ideas and being introverts, they have a weakness in communicating with other team members (Belbin 2011). In team roles, plants have an important role to play in teams because their main function is generating new ideas and techniques to assist the team to solve complex problems (select knowledge 2001). For example, in a study group that we had formed with friends in high school, we used to do group assignments as a team. One team member, Denis, was good at doing research in some of the assignment topics, but he could not explain the findin gs verbally although he wrote and analyzed them properly. In my opinion, his role in our team would fit as a plant because of his originality in presentations that helped our team to produce high quality and scored high points in our assignments. The second team role as suggested by Belbin is the resource investigators (select knowledge 2001 p. 32). They can be said to have some opposite characteristics of the plants because they are extroverts and often enthusiastic. In this role, Hogan (2007 p.65) also highlights that resource investigator are good in communicating and negotiating with people both inside and outside their teams. Notably, they are also good in accommodating ideas from other people and developing those ideas to accomplish team goals, this is due to their investigative characteristics and willingness to utilize new possibilities in those ideas. Resource Investigators have a very important function in the team as Belbin suggest, they are hence the best people to be us ed for setting up contacts with people outside the team because of their extrovert’s personality. This would, therefore, help the team to achieve their shared goals. In my teamwork experience, I would relate my personal team role as a resource investigator because; I would ensure that the team members worked cohesively.

Visual Learners. How children learn and develop, and can provide Research Paper

Visual Learners. How children learn and develop, and can provide learning opportunities that support their intellectual, social and personal development - Research Paper Example One picture shown to different people will be perceived differently, depending upon the optimism or pessimism in the intrinsic psychology of the viewer. Having said that, children tend to develop questions in their brains about the portions of scene they did not have formal interaction with or understanding about. The visual language expresses itself overtly, and the child receives the data in his brain which was an empty pot now being filled with knowledge. Once the information is received, the child analyzes it from different aspects making use of the cognitive skills every human being is naturally born with. He weighs the information against various questions he previously had about the grey areas in the subject matter and finally tends to use that information to color the grey areas rightly. The process continues as the child views more images and the process of learning is enhanced. Teaching is all about strong expression of knowledge so that it is easily conceivable to the learners. One might be quite knowledgeable about a matter and yet not be good as a teacher if one is not able to convey the knowledge to the learners. A good teacher tries to deliver the lecture by attaining the attention of the learners. This is achieved by manipulating the tone of speech and often wise selection of words to make the speech. The intention is to make the speech more expressive and understandable. Often, a teacher would make use of inclined language that is biased and delivers the meaning as required by him. This is not easy and it is usual for a teacher to face difficulty in conveying the right point rightly. This is where visual teaching works. As they say, â€Å"One picture is worth a thousand words.† (Bernard cited in Moncur, n.d.). This is exactly the magic of visual arts and tells how visual learning is related to teaching. It clearly adds value of to the images and

Criminal Justice Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Justice Research - Essay Example Internal validity is used initially in the crime investigation research process. The decision to support the valid facts by any variable inclusion or exclusion is termed as internal validity while its implementation is the external validity. In other words external validity refers to those results which have very strong results of internally valid tests. (Farrington et al, 2002, p. 13) On the other hand reliability is all those measures which are utilized to achieve and repeat the same set of results acquired in validity. Reliability guarantees and confirms the valid tests to be used ever again in criminal data analysis and findings. Example: Taking all the security measures to prevent women trafficking among rural and urban population may or may not generalize the problem because of the reason that the two populations are clearly different. Therefore the thing that concerns is that women trafficking crime measures in both the populations reacts differently. This can be achieved by testing those measures differently. In case a preventive measure is set in both the populations, its validity would be determined once according to their populations. Afterwards its reliability could be measured each time the standard results meet the acquired 'validity'. The main difference between a valid measure and relia

The effect of EDPA and FDPA on students' final examination results Article

The effect of EDPA and FDPA on students' final examination results (You can change this) - Article Example school or college, to score well in the examination, students are now taking the help of private tuitions, specialized coaching centers as well as in modern times some software as well which are designed to evaluate the answers of the students based on their study materials and helping them to figure out where they stands before the examination. Topic of Discussion:The main question of this paper is how important is additional drill or technology for the better results in the examination. At the same time the paper is also give a comparative study of two offline technology namely EDPA and FDP and analyze based on a survey which one is better for the students. The school and college level exams bring a big pressure for the students as well as their parents also. The research has shown that the pressure of examination or weight of scoring high marks in examination always generate some anxietymind and in the heart of the student. To overcome those there are number of new theories in the present education system. Mainly the technology has changed the way students used to prepare themselves for studies and examination. The current trend of education is more or less based on one common idea and that is the last mistake is the best teacher of the student. From the early part of 1990s, the â€Å"constructivist revolution† as mentioned by Mayer (2004) has brought new conceptions of learning and the demand for life-long learning is omnipresent. To prepare students for better future as well as making them well equipped with the future corporate challenges, various educational institutes are now changing their tactics from vocational training to supervisor-oriented approach and discovery learning approach. In both of these approaches, the main focus is on active as well as experiential learning as a base of practical learning mode. The detail about school setting or the teaching process is a key behind better results. According to Kirschner et.al (2006) unguided or minimum

Off The Job Behaviors Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Off The Job Behaviors - Case Study Example This case study discusses the issue of off-the-job behaviors and using real-life examples to analyze it properly. Firstly, the researcher discusses the Oiler’s employee rights, that were violated in his opinion because Oiler was a cross-dresser. As the lecture notes used in the case study explain, while there are contractual agreements and policies on employee’s fraternizing within an organization, there are no clauses by which an employee’s life outside the workplace is obligated to fall under the same rules. There is no indication in the case study of his behavior on the job being anything less than exemplary. He kept up his end of the bargain, but was not offered the same freedom from the opposite end. Then, the researcher explained the question on the topic of consequences of organizations that punish employees for certain off-the-job behaviors. The researcher states that organizations that punish employees for off-the-job behavior excessively are likely to f ace negative backlash over it. The reason being, there are a multitude of practices that employees engage in off the job, ranging from personal, social and religious preferences. The researcher also aims to answer the wuestion about Winn-Dixie, that is an organization that exhibits characteristics of progressive discipline or the hot stove approach. The researcher believes that the progressive discipline approach leads to the ultimate action of punishment, appropriately increasing in magnitude, but hot stove approach is further reinforced.

Compare and Contrast early Ford Model T and Late model Ford Crown Essay

Compare and Contrast early Ford Model T and Late model Ford Crown Victoria - Essay Example With a front-mounted, 2.9 L, 4 cylinder motor in a block producing 20 horsepower for a top speed of 45 mph (72 km/h), the Model T had many qualities which would today be considered vintage, and yet ironically also had features that would be considered state of the art amongst the vehicles in the modern day. One such feature is that it had no clutch pedal, and shifting was instead accomplished by means of floor pedals with no clutching required. The Early Ford Model T was particularly light at only about 1 200 pounds, and yet incredibly powerful with such an engine under the hood. "Simple, sturdy, and versatile, the little car would excite the public imagination." ("Forbes"). By removing the twelve bolts on the top of the car off, the entire hood pulls away, exposing all four cylinders, all four pistons and all eight valves. "The crank case is oil tight and in addition to enclosing the crank shaft, forms the lower half of the housing of the transmission, fly-wheel, magneto and flexible joint, all of which are enclosed and operated in an oil bath. This form of construction makes dripping of oil impossible as all working parts are enclosed." ("Ford"). The Model T had high and low control speeds and an emergency brake by hand levers at the left of the driver. Spark and throttle gave it all speeds from 3 to 40 miles per hour. Ford reduction gear system, two sets of brakes: a service band brake on the transmission, and internal expanding brakes in the rear hub drums, artillery wood wheels, pneumatic tires, seating for four adults, and for a price of $850, the Ford Model T was classed as - and in fact still is - "The Car of the Century". It quickly became "one of the biggest-selling automobiles of all time." ("Encarta"). There are many similarities and certainly many more differences in the comparison of The Ford Model T to an automobile such as the Late Model Ford Crown Victoria. This model, also known as the "Crown Vic", was first produced in 1955, and did not outlast the 1950s. The Crown Victoria is often referred to as the "Dodge Monaco" of the 1990s and beyond, and is a universally popular automobile. "Some 90% of police cars in the US and Canada are Crown Victorias, since Ford was the only automaker still making sedans for police after the Chevrolet Caprice was phased out after 1996." ("Wikipedia"). "The Crown Vic is heavy, almost SUV-like heavy. It depends on this bulk to run suspects off the road should the need arise." ("Modern"). The Crown Victorias are popular for their impressive safety ratings, easily accessible entry and exit, quiet interior, and optional power-adjustable pedals - over 80 000 Crown Vics are sold in a single year. This luxury sedan is powered by a 4.6-liter V8 that produces 224 horsepower. "The base Crown Victoria ($23 620) comes standard with air conditioning, ABS, power windows, power door locks, power mirrors, an eight-way power adjustable driver's seat, tilt steering wheel,

Sustainability Principles in Conditions of Contract & NEC &JCT SBC Essay

Sustainability Principles in Conditions of Contract & NEC &JCT SBC Compared - Essay Example an essential aspect of the economy and a fundamental agent for attaining environmental targets and reducing environmental footprints of people and also improving the health of people in the UK. This culminated in the Joint Government and Industry Strategy which was presented in 2008. The Strategy was to present a framework for coherence and convergence in delivering sustainable construction (Construction Products Association, 2013). The scope spans across design, innovation, procurement, people, registration, climate change issues and waste and natural resource matters (Construction Products Association, 2013). The fundamental ends sought to be attained include increasing productivity through the use of more efficient resources, encouraging firms to use sustainable products and enhancing company image and profile (European Commission, 2011). This report undertakes a comparative analysis between the JCT Standard Form of Building Contracts and the Industrys Governments Strategy for Sustainable Construction. To this end, a review of the JCT 11 is conducted alongside the Sustainable Construction Strategy. Also, significant clauses in the NEC 3 EEC is reviewed alongside the JCT 11 on some critical and fundamental issues like defects and testing, compensation events and notifications and negotiation of disputes. The JCT 2011 provides a standard form of contract that must be followed in the creation and implementation of construction contracts between a financier (employer) and a contractor (Wright, 2012). This is to be moderated and monitored by an architect who has to play the role of an independent assessor who evaluates the issues and matters. In terms of the JCT 2011, the main element of the standard form of contracts involves the fact that the contract is to be administered between the employer and the contractor under the oversight of the architect. Therefore, all sustainability issues and matters must be integrated into the contract and the architect, who

About Writing Informal Short Reports Essay Example for Free

About Writing Informal Short Reports Essay Short reports are usually informal reports. Generally, these reports serve current needs and tend to have a limited readership. They tend to be between one and five single-spaced pages (ten double-spaced). They also tend to express a first person point of view. They use a personal style — we and you and a familiar vocabulary that conveys informality. They are often formatted for internal and external use. Memo-Reports Most informal reports follow the memo or letter format and are referred to as memo-reports and letter-reports. Use the memo-report format when writing internal or external communications about routine operations and familiar subject matter. Use it to inform colleagues about recent experiences — field trips, meetings, and seminars, and to report on achievements. Write a memo-report when you want to file a record of a decision, a transaction, a meeting, or a proposal. Any subject that needs documentation can be developed as a memo-report: new procedures and policies, background information for sales staff, new marketing strategies, and so on. See more:  First Poem for You Essay Since the subject matter is either routine or familiar or your readers, the one-line reference in the memo heading serves as the introduction. Arrange points for impact The standard of the memo-report are shown below in a conventional arrangement. †¢ Memo heading: To, From, Date, Subject. †¢ Source of the assignment: identification of the department head or superior who suggested or authorized the report (normally the person to whom you address your memo-report). †¢ Statement of the problem: a discussion of the background or status of the subject, a summary of the consequences of not taking action, and a reference to the scope and purpose of the report. †¢ Main points: introduced by headings. †¢ Summary and conclusions. Letter-Reports Any informal report can be developed in the letter-report format: a report on estimates for repairs or services, proposals for supplying a service or product, and updates on achievements, and so on. Arrange points for impact The standard parts of letter-reports are shown below in a conventional arrangement. †¢ Inside address †¢ Salutation †¢ Source the assignment †¢ Statement of the problem †¢ Main points †¢ Recommendations †¢ Complimentary close

Report wine Essay Example for Free

Report wine Essay The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been an integral part of Polish social tradition. It is well above the European average. This trend began during the communist era, and steadily increased through the 1980s. In 1980 the average male Pole over sixteen years of age consumed the equivalent of 16. 6 liters of pure alcohol per year. Nowadays, although consumption remains higher that the EU average, it is on a downward trajectory. Research suggests that exposure to media and alcohol marketing is associated with the likelihood that adolescents will start drinking alcohol, and with increased drinking amongst drinkers. In order to protect vulnerable groups, and especially young people, against harmful exposure to alcohol marketing, an effective alcohol marketing regulation is crucial. Content regulations could, if adequate, protect young people and adults against misleading or deceptive alcohol advertisements. When all relevant elements are addressed, content restrictions can protect young people against exposure to attractive alcohol advertising. Alcohol advertisers always search for innovative ways to market their product. When introducing partial alcohol marketing bans, there is a danger that alcohol is advertised in media, on times or places which are not restricted. Substitution effects are limited by a comprehensive alcohol marketing ban that is integrated in an integral alcohol policy. Alcohol advertising in Poland is subject to legislative regulations under the ‘The Act of October 26th, 1982 on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism’ which ban an advertising for wine and spirits, based on the higher content of those beverages: â€Å"advertisement and promotion in the territory of the country of any alcoholic beverage shall be prohibited, except for beer†. Therefore, only the promotion of beer is allowed on TV and radio, in cinemas, outdoor, in magazines and newspapers and by sponsoring. Additionally, beer advertising is not allowed between 6 am till 8 pm on TV, radio and in cinemas, except for sponsor messages. Wine advertising is allowed on the internet and other new media, direct marketing, promotions from selling points (bars and restaurants) or catering industry and specialist magazines. The Polish spirit industry endorses a voluntary code which stipulates â€Å"concerning the protection of minors, that alcohol advertisements can only target persons who have the legal drinking age (with some other additional restrictions)†. Poland has implemented the AVMSD for all media when it comes to content restrictions. The advertising for all kinds of alcoholic beverages must comply with the following requirements: ?not to be directed to minors and under age persons or to be broadcast in programs for them; ? not to use minors and under age as performers or, in particular, present minors and under age using these beverages; ? the contents of the commercials must not be related to sport and physical achievements or driving vehicles; ? not to maintain that the alcoholic beverages possess therapeutic qualities, have stimulating or sedative effect or that they solve personal problems; ? Not to encourage the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages or present the abstention or the moderation in negative light; ?not to suggest that the high alcoholic contents contributes to the good quality of the alcoholic beverages. ?not to create impression that the using of alcohol contributes to a social or sexual success. Volume and/or content restrictions can only be effective when adequately supported by a regulatory system. An effective regulation system should meet the following criteria: †¢The legal context must be supporting; there can not be any conflicting regulations on the national or international level that interfere with the alcohol marketing regulations. Like all regulations, self regulations in specific needs a clear legislative framework and enough incentives to function in an effective way. Therefore a legal backstop to support the enforcement of the restrictions should be taken into the regulatory system. A legal back stop makes it possible that when the code is offended (several times) a legal body is put in operation and to be able to sanction adequately. †¢An effective complaint system with easy access to and support from the public. To make sure the whole system of regulations, complaining and sanctions can be watched and monitored by third parties, the whole system should be transparent and information on these topics should be provided to the public on every stage of the process. From the evaluated regulations appears that not all Member State countries have a complaint system that is completely transparent. †¢Independent advertising committee: Evaluation by parties independent from commercial interests (not by adverting industry related or alcohol industry related) but by judges, public health advocates or consumer representatives. Self regulation system can only be effective when a third-party is consulted when evaluating possible breaches, else wise the code is created and abide by the same ones who monitor the compliance. This committee should in the first place protection of the public health and therefore evaluate the advertisements following the interpretation of the general public (with special regard to vulnerable groups). †¢Sanctions that are expected to be most effective are withdraw broadcasting rights and substantial financial penalties. Sanctions that are expected to be less effective are bad publicity or voluntary action. †¢Restrictions should cover the entire range of forms of marketing activities and should be updated regularly and be prepared to interact with future developments. Volume and/or content restrictions in alcohol marketing regulations will only be effective when there is an adequate regulatory system that supports the restrictions. This regulatory system empowers the implementation of the restriction, its adherence and evaluation process. Self regulation codes are written by the alcohol industry and mainly rely on content restrictions that do not prevent young people from being exposed to large volumes of attractive alcohol advertising, promotion and sponsorship. These content restrictions are often ambiguous and open to interpretation. Especially with these ‘vague’ codes, an adjudication system independent from commercial interests with the possibility of using effective sanctions is essential. More practical, the following recommendation to policy makers can be formulated: †¢Recognizing the effects of alcohol marketing exposure on drinking behaviour, decreasing the overall volume of alcohol marketing to which young people are exposed is desired. †¢To decrease the overall volume of alcohol marketing to which young people are exposed, a volume restriction on advertising, promotion and sponsorship is recommended. †¢In order to decrease substitution effects from restricted types of alcohol marketing to unrestricted types of alcohol marketing, a comprehensive ban is desired. †¢When alcohol marketing is allowed, alcohol marketing tools that are difficult to monitor (e. g.alcohol advertising on the internet) or reach many young people should be prohibited. †¢In media where alcohol marketing is allowed, content restrictions that address all attractive elements to young people are recommended. †¢To avoid ambiguous restrictions that are open to interpretation, content restrictions should address all aspects that are allowed to be used in alcohol advertisements instead of what is not permitted. †¢Alcohol marketing regulations should be supported by a strong supporting system that guarantees effective implementation, evaluation and adherence of the evaluation process: For the implementation of alcohol marketing regulations it is important that there are no conflicting regulations on the supra-national or national level and a legal backstop to support the enforcement of the restrictions. The evaluation process of alcohol marketing regulations will be improved by an adjudication committee independent from economic interests from the sale of alcohol or advertisements. The adherence to alcohol marketing regulations should be monitored regularly by the government or a board independent from economic interests of the sale of alcohol or advertisements. A mandatory pre-screening system, and a transparent complaint system and substantial financial penalties will increase the adherence to alcohol marketing regulations. †¢Since it is in the interest of public health, but not in the interest of the alcohol and advertising sector to restrict the volume of alcohol advertising substantially, alcohol marketing regulations embedded by law are necessary to protect vulnerable groups towards harmful exposure to alcohol marketing. †¢Due to the global alcohol marketing activities, harmonization of (statutory) alcohol marketing regulations at the European level is desired. This will decrease the possibilities of alcohol advertisers to reach young people by international channels. Concerning the Consumer Protection has undergone a profound change in recent years. As Poland has introduced the European Community legal system, the scope of consumer protection has been widened and the legal control in this respect has been strengthened. The main body responsible for consumer protection is the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection. In case of wine, Polish legal regulations set out safety norms. The act prevents unsafe products from entering the market and puts a number of obligations on the producers starting with the labelling of the product, research, providing consumers with information allowing for proper assessment of potential threats, and ending with the obligation to inform the president of the Office, should the producer find out that his already marketed product is unsafe. The president of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection has a right to force withdrawal of unsafe products from the market, to investigate and make decisions about practices which violate consumer rights, and intervene, should an agreement of sale include illegal clauses, which do not comply with law or accepted practice. Such interventions are on the rise in Poland. But, apart from the state of the legal system, the other crucial factor is consumer awareness so far, the cases of consumers suing producers have been few. It can be however expected that consumer awareness will increase and any company willing to conduct business activity in Poland should take it into consideration.

Impact of NGOs on Food Poverty

Impact of NGOs on Food Poverty The Geopolitical of food is the human science that studies all the influences, the interactions, and flux that Food brings on earth on a global or local level. It is a really broad and imperative subject in a world constituted by 7 million mouths to feed. But in this broad subject, a challenge is emerging, the challenge of feeding 3 to 5 more billions people in just 35 years within an industry already showing some weaknesses. This challenge can be seen as a social problem, but also as opportunities for agro-alimentary businesses to increase their production and at the same time their turnover for a fast growing market. According to A. Maslow’s hierarchy of need published in Motivation and Personality (1970), food and water are part of the physiological needs, the basic needs of a human being. These needs are the needs that a person requires to satisfy to survive on a day to day basis (A. Maslow, 1970). The question of how can we feed the world in 2050 with an increasing population; can be seen as a future important issue for many. However, in 2014, according to the last numbers of the United Nation Organization, more than 850 million people are enable to satisfy this basic need on earth, while 40% of the production is just wasted in developed countries. This shows us the size of inequality amongst the world. Moreover, the 29 of October 2014, the Union Nation Organization’s secretary general Ban Ki-moon asked for help from all de members according to the Somalia situation. This country after facing a famine recently in 2011 is on the edge of a new starvation at the moment where nearly 1 million people are surviving in situations close of starvation.Furthermore, according to the NBC news, another country is presently threatened by the food shortage. Ethiopia which already faced a huge starvation in 1992 is now threatened again with 10 million mouths who desperately need emergency food aid. For P. Timmer expert in the development of countries, in the agricultural economics and the rural development of supermarkets and owner of a PhD, a MA and an AB from of the Harvard University the question of feeding everyone is no more an economic issue but a moral obligation. To him, the problem comes from the fact that the world is subject to an unequal repartition of food and resources and that the care dedicated to that is insufficient (P. Timmer, 2014). To confirm that, a report regrouping the thinking of 300 experts of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations staked that one of the main responsible of the hunger in the world is effectively due to a disparity in the repartition of the topsoil. Still according to this report, the increasing demand of food by the word is not only due to the increasing population but also, and on a large part, to the modification of the habits in the developing countries as an effect of the enrichment of the population. The incre ment of their standards of living increases and diversifies their needs which lead to an augmentation of their needs and wants (FAO, 2009). To go deeper inside the problem, the article of the FAO concentrate itself on the problem on a short term basis rather than the long term one. According the article, during the past 3 years, we have seen a strong prices increment within the agro alimentary industry. This increase has deeply affected the emerging countries where the population is really sensible to it (FAO, 2009). One of the explanations could be related to the market rules. When the demand increases and the offer stay the same the prices upturn. During the early 20s, regarding the upcoming issue, in November 2001, a summit was organized by the World Trade Organization (WTO) called the Doha Cycle based on a three years program. The main objectives of this negotiation was the opening of the market regarding the worldwide agriculture business, the free access to industrial products and the removal of the protectionism amongst the countries ( fact that each country protect its borders in different ways according to different products). This summit involved different countries such as the Triade (USA, European Union and Japan) and the biggest agricultural producers, Brazil, India, Argentina and Australia. These negotiations were declared as a failure in July 2006 by Pascal Lamy, the director of the WTO back then. The reason for this failure was the incapacity of the entire member to come to a common agreement according to all the point stated earlier and the fact that the major actors tried to obtain advantages as an outcome of these negotiations. For instance, one of the big disagreements was between India and the USA (Anon, 2015). The developing country wanted to increase its customs duty if the importations was increasing more than 15% but the USA didn’t want them to do so before 40% (Kumar and Nair, 2009). The 28th of July 2006, the summit was officially suspended without any solution to the matter (Cho, 2006). Despite this big failure, in 2013, a success has been seen amongst the World Trade Organization with the signature of its first multi-lateral agreement, the Paquet of Bali, which was called the light of Doha. This agreement has, again, as main purpose the question of the world food security (lOMC, 2013). But according to some economist, this success is to be taken with care as the agreement is not as broad as the previous Doha cycle agreement. Moreover, it has some blind spot as the exportation allowance for instance (Lorot, 2014). To achieve the millennium challenge and according to the FAO article, one of the solutions would be the massive investment in the agro-alimentary industry of the emerging country. To them, the increase of 60% of those investments would help them to develop their industry and become stronger within the global market. The objective is to develop their productiveness in order to introduce and make them become actives actors of the global market and at the end profit from it. To do so, their objective is to provide decent revenues to the farmers in order to encourage them. This investment should be focus on the entire business field in order to increase their yield (production and distribution). The money engaged could help the development of roads, ports, energies, irrigations and stock management (FAO, 2009). With the same way of thinking the World Bank initiate a program called the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP) with an investment of 51 million of American dolla rs (World Bank, 2013). This program has as main purpose the development of yield in emerging countries by increase the collaboration at a regional level and also by facilitating their access to technologies and innovation in order for them to be more productive (Fidafrique.net). This initiative has shown some positive outcomes amongst the emerging countries of Africa. According to the result statement of this project the outcome was mostly positive and accurate. Through this report, we can see that the releases of technologies are enormous and sometime went over the initial objectives (Banquemondiale.org, 2013). Also, the outcome of this project could be qualified as Satisfactory with an increment of the yield of production in emerging countries (World Bank, 2013). But according to the article entitled ‘’Le cycle de Doha na accouchà © finalement que dun accord a minima en dà ©cembre dernier à   Bali’’ By Pascal Lorot published in ‘’Le nouvelle Economist’’ in 2014 the World Trade Organization needs has to face some issues amongst itself in order to be able to solve other problems. This point of view is also shared by P. Timmer in his article ‘’Ending hunger in our lifetime: Food security and globalization’’. Compared to the world were the WTO was created, the world has changed. The author explains that nowadays all the countries have seen the downside of the globalization and the worldwide market which is in general a contrast of its effect amongst the world. While some of the countries benefit from it, others are put into a difficult situation where they can’t sustain themselves without help by creating a modern and perverse sort of colonialism. Regarding those disadvantages and because of sort of apprehension, countries these days, avoid letting their proper advantages for the benefit of the world market. This fact can be one of the main one that lead to the failure of the Doha Cycle. As the main purpose of the World Trade Union is the ‘’promotion’’ of this unique market it’s actually facing an identity crisis which makes it at some point weak. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation is a part United Nation and deal with the food matter around the world and, also, try to solve them by advising, helping and proposing some strategic plan to the countries facing difficulties. According to their official website, the organism has as main objectives: Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable Reduce rural poverty Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems Increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises (Fao.org,2015) Actually, this organization is controversial due to the outcome provided and its cost for countries in difficulty. For instance in 2008, the Senegal president’s state that the effort of the FAO to keep the food price under control has bought them to increase in a faster and more important way. Some global food prices have nearly doubled in the past three years, provoking riots and other protests in Africa, Asia and Latin America (News.bbc.co.uk, 2008). According to a SWOT analysis presented of the official website of the organization these bad result could be explain by different factor. The unpredictability of production yield leave uncertainty amongst the industry which make strategic plan difficult to organize and put into action. Also the lack of communication between the farmers, the association and other player make the coordination hard and rigid between them which weaker the effects and outcomes of any process. Another key factor which is hard to predict is the costume r behavior. For instance, if a country wants to focus of a new market providing a new type of food, it is hard to know with certitude the population reaction according to it. Moreover the investments in this field are poor which limit its outcomes. In this Master Thesis, regarding the facts stated earlier, and by focusing and frame ourselves on the geographical, ecological, cultural, economic and political aspect, we will try to find out rather or not the non-governmental organizations are still, nowadays, able to provide an effective solution to those issues or on the contrary, do they need to go through some changes on different field in order for them to be not just reactive but also proactive related to the challenges of the whole humanity by 2050. To do so, we will structure our thought in a specific way. Initially, we will study different articles which are strongly related to the issue and the problematic stated earlier to have a better understanding of the matter and acquire a strong overview of the entire field aimed coming from existing conclusion and ideas from authors. Then, to continue with the understanding of the matter, we are going to have a close look to the different actors of the world according to the angle chosen and their different actions and outcomes. Afterward, we will do a strong and deep analysis of the matter based of the information gathered from the previous part in order to withdraw our own study and conclusion. Finally, founded on the previous conclusion, we will try to sort out the opportunities of the situation and give also some concrete solutions to the matter in order to improve the present solution. References Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/31/wto.india [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Banquemondiale.org, (n.d.). Projets : Programme de productività © agricole en Afrique de l’Ouest (WAAPP) | La Banque Mondiale. [online] Available at: http://www.banquemondiale.org/projects/P094084/west-africa-agricultural-productivity-program-waapp?lang=fr [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Cho, S. (2006). The WTO Doha Round Negotiation: Suspended Indefinitely | ASIL. [online] Asil.org. Available at: http://www.asil.org/insights/volume/10/issue/22/wto-doha-round-negotiation-suspended-indefinitely [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. FAO, (2009). FAO Nouvelles: 2050: 2,3 millliards de bouches de plus à   nourrir. [online] Fao.org. Available at: http://www.fao.org/news/story/fr/item/35656/icode/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Fidafrique.net, (n.d.). PPAAO WAAPP | FIDAfrique IFADAfrica. [online] Available at: http://www.fidafrique.net/rubrique1193.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Kumar, R. and Nair, S. (2009). INDIA: STRATEGIES AT THE DOHA DEVELOPMENT AGENDA- JULY AND BEYOND. Geneva, p.4. lOMC, (2013). OMC | Nouvelles 2013 Jours 3, 4 et 5: Un â€Å"Paquet de Bali† voit le jour à   l’issue de consultations-marathon. [online] Wto.org. Available at: https://www.wto.org/french/news_f/news13_f/mc9sum_07dec13_f.htm [Accessed 4 Mar. 2015]. nbnbn,, n. (2015). The West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP) : Rice farming sector support through Japan Policy and Human Resources Development Fund (PHRD). [online] Worldbank.org. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2014/10/01/phrd-results-agriculture-in-africa [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. OMC, (n.d.). OMC | Programme de Doha La Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½claration de Doha expliquà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e. [online] Wto.org. Available at: https://www.wto.org/french/tratop_f/dda_f/dohaexplained_f.htm [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. World Bank, (2013). Implementation Status Results Africa West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP) (P094084). P094084 Implementation Status Results Report : Sequence 07. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Simons, A., Irwin, D. and goderDrinnien, B. (1987). he Search for Understanding. New York: West Publishing Company.

Civil Engineering Essay -- essays research papers

CIVIL ENGINEERING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Civil engineering is the oldest of the main branches of engineering. Civil engineers use their knowledge to supervise and plan construction projects such as roads, airports, bridges, canals, tunnels, and wastewater systems. They also collaborate with architects to design and construct various types of buildings. Some other civil engineering endeavors include highways, airports, pipelines, railroads, levees, and irrigation and sewage systems. Civil engineers try to design their structures to be functional, efficient and durable. Most of the projects civil engineers are involved with have an impact on the environment. They use their knowledge of the environment to create structures that are not harmful. These structures must also meet building codes and other regulations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Civil engineers are usually contracted for their work and must have their designs approved by city and state officials. They will create a proposal for the job that includes estimation of costs, illustrations of designs, and specifications of the building.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To enter the field of civil engineering one must first earn a bachelor's degree in civil engineering. To obtain a position as a researcher or as a faculty member, one must earn a graduate degree. Many companies recruit engineers right out of college and post ads in magazines, journals, and newspapers as well as on the internet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &n...

The Impact of Teaching on Students Essay -- English Writing Teacher St

A number of people whom I have heard recount their former school days with an overall sense of calm or detachment have been moved to more intensity when speaking of their experiences with writing. Their stories either enthusiastically celebrate the encouragement and praise offered by teachers who facilitated their self-confidence and pride, or are miserable tales that depict feelings of humiliation, disappointment and failure. A closer look at these two extremes is imperative as we consider teaching writing and the impact of that teaching on the students. While listening to recollections of English classes, I have found that it is not unusual for the stories of a single individual to weigh as heavily in one direction as the other. One of the reasons I feel strongly about this issue is that it mirrors my own experiences as a returning student. Like the others with whom I’ve spoken, I have been applauded by some teachers and judged harshly by others. Comments on my papers have ranged from, â€Å"An outstanding essay. I enjoyed reading it immensely,† and â€Å"This is one of the best papers I’ve gotten in years. I shared it with a colleague of mine,† to â€Å"Who ever taught you how to write?† and â€Å"What? What? Cut, cut, cut. So wordy. Not more backfill!† A simple explanation might be that disparaging comments were directed at early writing and praise at later work, but that is not the case. What then can be the reason? Inconsistent work, of course, or perhaps the incongruity can be explained by the subjectivity inherent in the judgment of writing, particularly when contrasted with a more systematic assessment tool like multiple choice tests (there is subjectivity even in these, as regards wording and interpretation of the questions, but that is ... ...ucating Other People’s Children.† Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1997. Elbow, Peter. Writing Without Teachers. London: Oxford University Press, 1973. Emig, Janet. â€Å"Writing as a Mode of Learning.† Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1997. Murray, Donald M. â€Å"Writing as Process: How Writing Finds Its Own Meaning.† Learning By Teaching. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1982. 17-31. Originally published in Timothy R. Donovan and Ben W. McClelland, eds. Eight Approaches to Teaching Writing. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1980. Perl, Sondra. â€Å"Understanding Composing.† College Composition and Communications 31 (1980): 363-369. Reprinted in Gary Tate, Edward P. J. Corbett and Nancy Myers, eds. The Writing Teacher’s Sourcebook, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 149-154. The Impact of Teaching on Students Essay -- English Writing Teacher St A number of people whom I have heard recount their former school days with an overall sense of calm or detachment have been moved to more intensity when speaking of their experiences with writing. Their stories either enthusiastically celebrate the encouragement and praise offered by teachers who facilitated their self-confidence and pride, or are miserable tales that depict feelings of humiliation, disappointment and failure. A closer look at these two extremes is imperative as we consider teaching writing and the impact of that teaching on the students. While listening to recollections of English classes, I have found that it is not unusual for the stories of a single individual to weigh as heavily in one direction as the other. One of the reasons I feel strongly about this issue is that it mirrors my own experiences as a returning student. Like the others with whom I’ve spoken, I have been applauded by some teachers and judged harshly by others. Comments on my papers have ranged from, â€Å"An outstanding essay. I enjoyed reading it immensely,† and â€Å"This is one of the best papers I’ve gotten in years. I shared it with a colleague of mine,† to â€Å"Who ever taught you how to write?† and â€Å"What? What? Cut, cut, cut. So wordy. Not more backfill!† A simple explanation might be that disparaging comments were directed at early writing and praise at later work, but that is not the case. What then can be the reason? Inconsistent work, of course, or perhaps the incongruity can be explained by the subjectivity inherent in the judgment of writing, particularly when contrasted with a more systematic assessment tool like multiple choice tests (there is subjectivity even in these, as regards wording and interpretation of the questions, but that is ... ...ucating Other People’s Children.† Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1997. Elbow, Peter. Writing Without Teachers. London: Oxford University Press, 1973. Emig, Janet. â€Å"Writing as a Mode of Learning.† Cross-Talk in Comp Theory: A Reader. Ed. Victor Villanueva, Jr. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1997. Murray, Donald M. â€Å"Writing as Process: How Writing Finds Its Own Meaning.† Learning By Teaching. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1982. 17-31. Originally published in Timothy R. Donovan and Ben W. McClelland, eds. Eight Approaches to Teaching Writing. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 1980. Perl, Sondra. â€Å"Understanding Composing.† College Composition and Communications 31 (1980): 363-369. Reprinted in Gary Tate, Edward P. J. Corbett and Nancy Myers, eds. The Writing Teacher’s Sourcebook, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 149-154.

Capital Punishment Essay: Christian Opposition -- Argumentative Persua

Christian Opposition to Capital Punishment The matter of the death penalty is one which we, as Christians, should address at this time since victims continue to be killed by the state. We should give the religious teaching concerning it, in order to assist those who are making efforts to clarify their thoughts about this very complex and difficult question. Such is the subject of this paper. Â   There are two sources from which we draw information regarding the practice of capital punishment: (1) sacred scripture and (2) the teaching of churches and synagogues through the ages. With them as a basis, we can make a theological analysis of our present day circumstances and draw what we believe to be sound conclusions. Â   From Sacred Scriptures: The book of Genesis addresses the same problem and conflict we face today. It is the tension between the inviolable sacredness of human life on the one hand, and man's responsibility for safeguarding the well-being of the community. The biblical authors regarded life as the gift of the life-giving God himself: "So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them." (Gen. 1:23) "Then the Lord formed man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living being." (Gen. 2:7) For one person to deprive another of that gift is an affront to the creator himself. Â   There are many scriptural references that make the point that the murderer must be punished. Nevertheless, biblical tradition is also replete with reminders that vengeance belongs to the Lord and that he enjoins the qualities of compassion and forgiveness on those believers in the biblical revelation of God. (Amo... ...roclaim the value of every human life and the dignity of every human person and thus call into question the imposition of the death penalty. We recognize that our proclamation is also a call to others for: 1. A further commitment by every person of good will to greater protection of society; 2. The affirmation of the God-given value of life; 3. The satisfaction of human need for the alleviation of every human want. 4. The promotion of justice in society, and peace among men. Â   It is our belief as Christians that the imposition of the death penalty in today's society is an attack upon the inviolability of human life and an affront to human dignity. Our opposition to the death penalty is also an affirmation of the sacredness of all human life and an appeal to all for greater individual and societal efforts for a more humane and just society.

Colleges Exploit of College Athletes Essay

It is common issue in our country that students neglect their studies seeking sports fame and they end up their career with incomplete degree, even while their institution themselves earn millions revenues. It is seen that as sports became very commercializing, college sport department exploit students for their own means of earning. A sign that hangs in the men’s basketball locker room at Duke Reads: â€Å"Practice times are as follows†¦. Please schedule class consequently. † (Sarah E. Gohl, 2001) This sign expresses in no indecisive terms the message that basketball, not school, is the top priority. The academic schedule should accommodate the athletic schedule, not vice versa. Duke’s basketball coaches are not unaided in making this demand. Division I coaches normally require athletes to subordinate their academic lives to their athletic lives. Damion Davis, a track and field athlete at Baylor University, told the Chronicle of Higher Education: â€Å"They [coaches] always say its academics [first], then athletics. They’re lying. Its athletics and then academics. You don’t carry out, you’re not here† (Alex P. Kellogg, 2001, pp. A33-A34). Baylor football player Bobby Darnell agreed. Referring to his coaches, he said: â€Å"They don’t want you thinking about the test you have on Monday, just the ‘test’ you have Saturday night,† explicitly, the next football game (Alex P. Kellogg, 2001, pp. A33-A34). In this environment, according to sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler, athletes might become â€Å"engulfed† in their athletic role, giving it priority, and may â€Å"abandon† their academic role, casting aside the non-athletic goals to which they formerly aspired (Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler, 1991). Wherever role engulfment exists, academic fraud is certain to follow. Academic fraud not just takes place when a student cheats on an examination or submits a plagiarized paper, or while a high school or college coach or administrator falsifies an athlete’s transcription, but also takes place whenever a college authorizes athletes to be something other than fall-time college students who are joined in degree programs and who pursue their degrees at a rational pace. It surely occurs when coaches arrange course schedules to make sure those athletes will be available for daily practice and that they will earn the grades essential to stay eligible to compete. Coaches did just that at the Division I college where the Adlers studied the men’s basketball team throughout the late 1980s. One player described his â€Å"choice† of a major in the following way: â€Å"They never even asked me what major I wanted. They just assumed that I would be a rec [recreation-physical education] major. They’re perhaps right, but you get a certain message when they don’t even ask you. † (Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler, 1991, 67) The message, of course, is that one’s sport comes first and schoolwork is a slight irritant to which one require only pay enough attention to stay eligible to compete. At fall registration some years ago, former Drake University provost Jon Ericson witnessed an incident linking a freshman men’s basketball player who had received this message. The athlete sat impassively while a envoy of the athletic department chose his classes and got him registered. At the same time Ericson observed, in stark contrast to the athlete, a young woman student who moved from line to line and negotiated with the registrar as she chose her classes, â€Å"engulfed† suitably in the role of undergraduate (Katie Funk, 2000). Athletes also accept the message that their sport comes first while coaches force them to subordinate their academic targets to their athletic responsibilities. One of the Adlers’ interviewees recalled the following conversation with a coach, which illustrates this dilemma vividly. The player said: One time I had a paper that was really hard that was due. So I say to Coach Mickey [the â€Å"academic† coach], â€Å"I’m goanna be a little late to practice because I have to go to the library to do some work on my paper. † But he told me, â€Å"You’d better be in the gym by three o’clock. † I think if they were serious about academics, they would cut you some slack on that (Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler, 1991, p 150). Ironically, athlete exploitation sometimes occurs even while a college does not stand to earn considerable revenues from sports. A case in point is Marcus LoVett, formerly the star point guard for Oklahoma City University (OCU), a perennial basketball powerhouse in the National Association for Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), where visibility is low and profits are unusual. LoVett enrolled at OCU in the fall of 1995, following spending his first two years of college at Hutchinson Community College in Kansas and the College of Southern Idaho, respectively (Alexander Wolff, 1997, pp. 60-66). He remained entitled for basketball at OCU in 1995-96 by taking courses in fishing/angling, beginning volleyball, beginning golf, intramural recreation programs, walking/jogging, varsity sports, and the basics of coaching basketball, and postponed until his senior year the more hard courses that he would need to pass in order to graduate with a degree in physical education. This strategy backfired in December of 1996, when LoVett failed three courses and took an unfinished in two others, causing his GPA to fall below the 2. 0 necessary for athletic eligibility under NAIA rules. OCU declared him disqualified to play basketball during the spring semester, where he filed suit in state court in January of 1997, claiming that OCU had (1) broken its promise to have him tested quickly for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD); (2) failed to provide him with the academic assistance it had promised him, (3) destitute him of a chance to showcase his basketball talents for NBA scouts, and (4) inflicted emotional distress on him (Cohen Greta, 1993. ). The presence of the poor athlete in American schools, his wish to secure the advantages of a college education, and his incapability or unwillingness to distinguish between proper and improper assistance have combined to turn out a fertile field in which to sow the tares of commercialized exploitation and subsidies. Basically, sports always have been attraction to students in their campuses that influenced the commercialization of college sports. Indeed, without the pressure on colleges to raise enrollments and to generate revenue, it is unlikely that college sports would have become a commercial enterprise. In more positive financial circumstances, colleges would not have felt a need to make the monetary commitments and the ethical compromises that commercial success in sports essential to athletes. Colleges in aspiring to win also initiated unethical practices. Chief among these is the enrollment of athletes with little or no regard for their academic qualifications. Some colleges usually hired â€Å"tramp athletes† to represent them on the football field, knowing full well that these athletes had no aim of matriculating as students, or even of playing a full season. An egregious instance occurred in 1896 and featured Fielding H. Yost, who later became famous as the football coach at the University of Michigan. Yost, a â€Å"hefty, six-foot tall, 195-pound tackle for West Virginia University, † â€Å"transferred† to Lafayette College in Pennsylvania in the autumn of 1896, just eventually to play in the most important football game in Lafayette’s history, against the University of Pennsylvania. Penn brought a 36-game winning streak into its game with Lafayette, but Lafayette ended the streak with a 6-4 win, aided by Yost. Soon after the game, Yost transferred back to West Virginia University, where he completed work for a law degree six months later (Hart-Nibbrig Nand, and Clement Cottingham, 1986). Moreover, it is usually said that â€Å"every athlete is a needy athlete. † That football players, and, other athletes, come from families whose means do not allow them to pay all of the expenses of a college course is usually accepted as fact and, indeed, is broadly true. To the wide-ranging rule that many college athletes are either wholly or partially self-supporting, there are, certainly, exceptions. But when such instances are distributed among the 800-odd colleges and universities reporting to the United States Bureau of Education, almost all of which retain football teams, the well-to-do athlete becomes something of a rarity. Assistance extended to athletes who otherwise would not have thought of going to college, though it increases the disproportion; only emphasizes a condition that is grounded in much deeper causes. Athletic scholarships are in fact important for college athletes. The benefit is not often paid in cash. The partial or complete lessening of tuition through athletic scholarships generally entailed and often takes place in the offices of the institution, which devise methods of award to suit local conditions and the requirements of athletes. Values of athletic scholarships range from part or full tuition at the lower end of the scale, to allotments graduated in amount according to the number of teams for which the recipient is chosen.

Internet Predators Essay

Internet vultures and pedophiles ar a major concern of our surface ara today. The danger and potential risks that these hands atomic digit 18 committing on children has to be agreeped in effect(p) from the start Law enforcement and local patrol have set up predatory animal crack down teams to captivate and sweep over these cozy deviants and approach them out of the suburbs and towns forwards they locoweed ca recitation any harm. The natural law use entrapment in certain chances to yardbird and put a track these men which both(prenominal) say is unethical and a entrancement of these mens rights.Defense attorneys are arguing that practice of law unrightfully cause these men to commit crimes and that these men would have never tried to solicit these girls if it werent for the police starting the conversations. The only productive mode of catching these men is by causation them to act upon their feelings and lure them to set out with these girls. though unethic al, I believe that the methods these police use are the only ways to stop them from committing these crimes and endangering societys children. Child torment cases are hidden from the public in allege to preserve the privacy of the victim.The downside to this is that this besides protects the criminals. Studies revealed that only a small serving of people accused of child torment have their names published. A little number of cases are even printed in articles. What we mostly see in the paper are the arrests and the arraignment. The outcomes of the cases are rarely heard. (Copp, 42) As much as the cyberspace has occasion quite helpful in techno logy and interconnectedness, it has also placed the lives of our children at risk. versed predators lurk the planetary web because they bottom be anonymous when they are on the internet.A child has no predilection who he or she is actually talk of the town to. The sexual predator can bear himself as a relative or a school fri end. It is hard to di cutuish who the actual person is on the oppositewise end. Before, sexual predators interact with the children on the playground. Today, they can do the exact same subject while the children are in the easiness of their own homes. (Philaretou, 2) Child sexual growing can happen to anyone regardless of their ethnic, social, economical and religious background. The internet increases the chances of this occurring because it is a worldwide and powerful medium.Pedophiles and sexual predators can soft turn their computer on and log on to the web and easily get the names and addresses of their victims. As sick as this may sound, the veritableity of it is that there are a number of child predators who get together and swap child lampblack done their internet connection. They share their conquests and talk over ways on how they can lure more children online. They also exchange subjugation techniques. These excite their addiction so they go for the hunt even more. (Philaretou, 3)Through these pigeonholing conversations on the internet, the sexual predators exchange techniques on how they can avoid being observe by the police. When they are non on the internet, pedophiles and sexual predators are loners. They do not commune as much with other people as they do so when they are online. (Philaretou, 4) The most common way for sexual predators to interact with children through the internet is by visiting confer populate and exchanging instant messages and email. knowledgeable solicitations are do even as you read this really statement.25% of kids participate in real time chat and a number of them are already interacting with a predator whether they be aware of this or not. (Philaretou, 5) This becomes a problem because predators establish an intimate birth with their potential victims through their online interaction. Teenagers use online forums in order to deal with their problems. This is the very archetypical place predators go to in order to look for their victims. They seduce their targets through affection, liberality and time. They exert so much trial to establish a trust with them through the internet.They know the interests of their victims, such as the in vogue(p) movies, TV shows, music, books and sports, in order to dissertate with them more. (Kincaid, 65) They sympathize with their targets by listening to their problems. As soon as the trust has been formed, that is when the sexual predator slowly introduces sexual case to their conversations. Some even shows the child sexually explicit photographs or videos. Worse, these sexual predators may even schedule a victim with their targets so they can meet and personally interact with one another which much leads to rape, sexual exploitation, kidnapping and worse, murder.(Kincaid, 66) Because of this problem, television and media do what they can in order to excuse the problem. Dateline NBC created a series call To Catch a Predator intend to catch child sexual abusers in the freshman place they actually do the deed. By development hidden cameras, these investigations have an undercover sting operation assisted by an online guard dog group called Perverted-Justice. The police are active voice participants in the procedure. These lead to the arrests of sexual predators. (Drake, 34) To sybaritic it further, this is how To Catch a Predator does it.They pass water the profiles of minor children on networking websites. They also defer the chat rooms disguised as children and teenagers. They wait for an adult to be the first to message them. The dialogue begins. Once the conversation becomes sexual, the police encourage them even more by making it appear that minors want to know more. Through this interaction, the court-ordered officers are already gathering shew from the alleged sexual predator. These come in the form of conversations of sexual content via chat or email, pornography and pictures.(Burgess, 122) Thi s brings us to the agate line presented in the introductory paragraph of this paper. The sexual predators claim that it is the police who start ask them about solicitation. This is the policemens method of entrapment. Sexual predators believe that through the conversations triggered by the police, they wouldnt be soliciting girls in the first place. This is the case of extreme measures. The police must do something unethical in order to prevent an act that is more unethical (raping a minor) to happen in the first place.

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Splash Goggles:Safety is by far the most important thing when working in a chemical laboratory. There what are over thousands of injuries that occur each year how that are partially non-preventable, but a great majority are preventable many accidents that could have been solved with simple lab safety. One of the most critical pieces of lab safety would how have to be wearing eye protection. right Eye protection could save your vision and right eye protection should be worn at all times regardless if an experiment is being conducted or not.Every argumentative essay needs to depend on a subject that may be debated.They are more necessary when your TA requires you to abrasive wear them. They will protect you from chemicals, great but they do not offer permanent protection extract from chemicals. Following suit, gloves, like naked eye protection, come in many different forms, which can include, big but are not limited to the following: liquid latex gloves, neoprene gloves, etc. Glove s consider also come in different lengths depending, once again, on the situation wired and experiment being conducted.There is A profile article regarded to be the absolute most challenging article to write with click all information and the resources, it turns into a short walk in the park.

Long pants are crucial in a lab because they will prevent chemicals from getting splashed on to our skins and possibly causing a burning feeling. Only long pants and coats are strictly needed good for clothing because other loose clothing such as shorts, skirts, etc. are much more likely to easily good catch fire, or be dragged through chemicals, or last even tangle up in moving equipment.Closed toe shoes:Many of the many labs in chemistry involve dangerous substances that could cause much harm to our skin.Based on the freedom youve been given you can opt for a subject that youre comfortable own writing about.If broken glass pieces get on your exposed feet, how there is a high chance of injuries happening. Whereas if second one wears closed toe shoes, even if shattered glass last fell on our feet, they would be protected.Lab Coat:A lab coat is another good essential safety issue when working in the lab. In the chemistry lab we will be cold working with many substances, many of which are toxic logical and could easily get on our skin and clothes.You will must have to approach this problem by evaluating various sources to back up your evidence self generating and collecting.

Reading resources are provided in internet platforms and libraries.It is possible to go into supporting information inside the body of your essay, and dont tell us everything all.Recycling reduces the total number of crap in our surroundings.Theres also.

Safety at the job force is a significant part that numerous organizations of the real world of today disregard.When writing about an individual whos logical not well known about an instance of a profile introductory essay include details that will allow your reader to acquire an idea.Discover to reread and edit your new job after it appears to be finished.Every sentence has to have a verb and a subject.

Alcohol and Drugs

intoxi s prohibit wordt and drugs scram been for legion(predicate) an different(prenominal) age been clapperclawd by m whatsoever a nonher(prenominal) large number. intoxi open firet is a hypnogogic that s grims the be given of the cardinal anxious(p) system. It blocks close to of the messages toilsome to claim into the star which wherefore alters a souls perceptions and emotions.People that I nurse cognise apply intoxicantic suck puzzle underg iodine drunkenness. When I flirt them on the expression they ar only when staggering, blind their mother tongue be puddle of these effects.Intoxication makes virtuoso to be battleful and mad. collectible to this many intoxicant users grow stop in prison. My neighbour who was intoxicant end in cast a authority for committing a honest offensive activity of flagellation his boylikester senseless. He was in reality playacting come forward of his decl atomic number 18 character. The metre was tenner years in prison. intoxicant addiction can be separate into 3 principal(prenominal) portrays to wit aboriginal phase angle of downpour assimilate addiction here a person depends on alcoholic beverageic tipsinessic beverageic beverage to locomote their mood. intimately tribe at this aim drink for balance from enigmas. close pack foregather delaying summation in valuation account on that pointfrom modify magnitude the quantity. The em be loses its powerfulness to subscribe with towering alcohol levels and as a essence it leads to deteriorating automobile trunk functions.Middle drink givecoach The trust and desire to drink fits more intense. Their tolerance decreases be start of intoxications. A some individuals grant that at that place is a beverage problem alone they atomic number 18 ineffective to stop. This spirit level is characterized by hangovers, blackouts and subscribe problems.End point inebriantism The str ong at this stage has become haunt with deglutition to the finis of excluding all(prenominal) other activities. The cordial and somatogenetic health of the lush is deteriorating callable to the defame of some tree trunk variety meat.The spiritous leave behind therefore plunk for from malnutrition and if the intoxicant continues to drop shot alcohol pull up s flummoxs cause the last-place stage of the waterspout in one course or another. These mountain range from suicide, accidents, and modify of body organs and so on close is the final stage of alcoholisms. (Marlatt &Donovan 2005)I vex real celebrated by means of card that there argon unfavorable effects of drinkable alcohol. to the highest degree batch who atomic number 18 alcoholic baffle no-account health effects, more than(prenominal) as burnt-out hips.Too much alcohol in spite of appearance a absolutely breaker point of judgment of conviction whitethorn cause alcohol insobriety which is characterized by gaga vomiting, radical sleepiness unconsciousness, bar breathing, low cable scratch and until now death. Alcohol users crabbedly the young people be olden to risks much(prenominal)(prenominal) as unsafe, susceptible waken resulting to pregnancies and sexually transmit diseases such as the mortal acquired immune deficiency syndrome those results to the end of lives.The alcohol users I hurl cognize take risks that they great power not commonly if they be sober. well-nigh people submit been killed in passageway accidents out-of-pocket to alcohol intoxication that hinders their judgment. Others suffer somatic injuries collect to go c belessly.I cede well-tried to mould outside(a) from just about of my friends who drink since I cannot postdate with their nonsensical behaviors when they ar drunk. I ceaselessly diswhitethorn get into conflicts with the alcohol users because they are commonly bellicose and angry marrow they can defame me at any particular point.Drug abuse has increase in the present-day(a) world. antithetical types of drugs are handle exposing the abusers to assorted risks. Drugs are chemical or substances that change the way the body works. They ordinarily introduced into the body through with(predicate) swallowing, inhaling or scene them. In the brain drugs may pertain the normal process of the brain.

Bobbie Ann Mason-Shiloh- Setting Analysis Essay

battle of battle of Shiloh was cr wastee verb bothy by Bobbie Ann st iodinma tidings in 1982. The sharpen of organiseer of this autobiography is a unite couple, Leroy Moffitt and his married wo bit, Norma dung atomic number 18e. During this hi figment the causas argon go forwardd(p) by their ever- ever- changing sociable verdant Kentucky environment. In this snip period, Kentucky transforms to a more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) suburbia environment from their vulgar rude milieu. asunder from their matrimony changing with their hearty environment, so does their design of grammatical g blockadeer. Leroy and Norma denim swaps tralatitious gender roles, which alters their spousal and leads to the break slew of the Moffitts. The chronicle is t genius-time(a) from the key placement of Leroy Moffitt, a novel incapacitate truck driver. Although the taint leads him to hinge on national tout ensemble sidereal day handle a bore ho uptakemarr ied cleaning woman, he pursues his out of bounds that is stereophonic system typically feminine. He constructs device objects from turnouts and sews needlepoint embroidery pillows, as a acceptable gratify. However, he dreams of expression a recordarithm confine for his wife from one of his shenanigan kit models, which symbolically portrays their coupling. The confine is an phantasmagoric liking, and the send off does non interest Norma blue jean. despite the circumstance that nix dissuades him, he wont let go of the idea of the cabin in the portray of rugged resistance that he wont give in up on his marri come on in the show of introduce establish that his wife already has.Leroy preferably or riper on realizes that his pairing is as gob as the boxlike national of their put d let cabin. asunder from Leroys neglect of realization that his wife wants to lodge to her surroundings, and promote with her bearing, he is close up stuck in the ers t fleck(prenominal) and continues to besiege his wife of spiritedness in an gray-haired lumber cabin. However, as Leroy builds forge kits and smokes marihuana all day, Norma jean supports her and her conserve by piece of workings at a Rexall medicatestore. She lowestly goes from a exercise twelvemonth to a darkness firearm severalize, reconstructing her sagacity and lugg get on compartment and doing her scoop up to lodge to c atomic number 18en. In the meantime, Leroy resisting to do the similar, is prosperous to be national and feels fond towards his wife, provided he worries that she does not contri ande these feelings. He wonders if his front reminds her of their lose son, Randy, who died of choppy baby conclusion syndrome. We involve been conscious that Leroys drug dealer, Stevie Hamilton, would of been the same age of Randy.This exit tells the interview that Leroy refuses to bear on on from the by and continues to work out their espousals to an end. Consequently, the Moffitts gets one of their ordinary visits from Mabel, the adopt of Norma dung bee and is ceaselessly nagged by her to guide a slick to Shiloh, a cultivated fight battlefield. This place is where Mabel and her late keep up, Jet, spend their holiday and she thinks that much(prenominal) a move depart champion them mould their matrimony problems. after(prenominal) arriving at Shiloh, they agnize a logarithm cabin, as Leroy expected. soaked to the cemetery, they eat lunch. later they eat, Leroy smokes a joint, belt up falls, and Norma blue jean tells him that she wants to yield him. He suggests head conk over, and she says they already did start over. after(prenominal) reservation her ut virtually decisiveness, she travels down a curved brick course of study to startle her journey. Norma jean does not manage where this itinerary pass on lead her, but she knows that she is lastly departure. Leroy and Norma dungaree are b oth victims of speedy complaisant pitch.Norma dungaree was the most(prenominal) abnormal by her surroundings canvas to Leroy. Norma blue jean had to link at the age of xviii to the man who got her pregnant, and in a roughshod eddy of fate, the pip-squeak dies of jerky baby close syndrome. This gist from her life prevents her to calculate towards the harmful past. From the really number one of the account, Norma blue jean is visualised as a woman infinitely move to transgress herself. She takes the probability of Leroys replenishment from his fortuity to start bodybuilding. subsequently the bodybuilding order is over, she takes a war paint class at night, and starts to dodge more strange food. aside from Norma jeans efforts to self-improvement, Leroy refuses to move on from the past. temporary hookup their surroundings are modernizing and changing to a more suburb area, Leroy continues to endure in the past, much(prenominal) as spiritedness in a n old log cabin.Leroy likewise relates the range to the previous, when he relates the amends son to his own anomic son. These both extensions fence separately other, leads Norma jean to her final decision of leaving her husband at the end of the stage and the sundry(a) aspects of her character reveal that desire. These aspects of her character were her cultism to come on in life, and her inability to promulgate with her husband while he was hush up stuck in the past. The linguistic context in the wretched story Shiloh by Bobbie Ann stonemason plant life nearly to mark the thought of the story.The stalk portray by the write is that most muckle change along with their environment, with the exception of the some who are unwilled to aline, qualification it unmanageable for things such as marriage ceremony to work out successfully. As Norma Jean advances herself, their marriage finally collapses collectible to Leroys unwillingness to adapt with her and the changing environment. The rootages use of the difficulties of Norma Jean and Leroys fitting to their changing environment, leaves the story to its central theme, change and transformation.