Andre Derain

Andre Derain, Mountains at Colioure, 1905-exemplifeis so called mixed technique. Favism in which short strokes of pure color derived fom the work of van goh and Seurat are combined with curvilinear planes of flat color inspired by by gaugunis paintings and are nouvau decorative arts. The assertive colors, which he likened to sticks of dynamite do not record what he actually saw in the landscape by rather generate their own purely artistic energy as they express the artists intense feeling about what he saw. Henri Matisse, The woman with the hat, 1905-Like Derain Matisse was interested in deliberate disharmonies.The painting sparked controversy at the 1905 salon d’Automne. Not because of subject was depicted: with crude drawing, sketchy brushwork, and wildly arbitrary colors that create a harsh and dissonant effect. Henri Matisse, Le Bonheur de Vivre(The Joy of Life), 1905-depicts nudes in attitudes close to traditional studio poses, but the landscape is intensely bright. He de fended his aims in 1908 pamphlet called notes of a painter: â€Å"What I am after, above all, is expression,† he wrote. In the past, an artist might express feeling thourgh the figure pses or expressions that the characters in the painting had.But now, he wrote, the whole arranfement of my picture is expressive. The place occupies by the figures or objects, the empty spaces around them, the proportions, everything plays a part. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, street, Berlin- Dominating the left half of the painting, two prostitutes, advertised by their large feathered hats and fur trimmed coats, strut past well dressed ourgeois men, their potential clients. The figures appear as artificial and dehumanized figures, with masklike faces and stiff gestures.Their bodies crowd together, but they are psychotically distant from one another, victims of modern urban alienation. The harsh colors, tilted perspective, and angular lines register Kirchners expressionistic response to the subject. Ko llwitz, The outbreak-Expressionist* shows the peasants built up fury from years of mistreatment exploding against their oppressors, a lesson in the power of group action. Kollwitz said that she herself was the model for the leader of the revolt, black anna, who raises her hands to signal the attack.Her arms silhouetted against the sky, and the crowded mass of worker with their farm tools , form a jumbled and chaotic picture of a time of upheaval. Kandinsky, Improvisation No 28-First abstract work*This work retains vestige of the landscape :Kandinsky found references to nature the hardest transcend. But the work taes us into a vortex of color, line and shape. If we recognize buildings or mountains or faces in the work, then perhaps we are seing in the old way, looking for corresponences between the painting and the world where none are intended.Rather the artist would have us look at the painting as if we were hearing a shmphony, respnding insticntivley and spontaneously to this or t hat passage, and then to the total experience. Kandinsky, The Blue Mountain, 1909- shows two horsemen, rendered in the style of Russian folk art, before a looming peak in his favorite color. The flatness of the work and the carefully parallel brushstrokes show influence from Gaugin and Cezanne. Many of his works feature riders; Kandinsky had in mind the horsemen of the Apoclypse who usher in the end of the world before its final transformation at the end of time.Franz Marc, The large blue horses- The animals merge into a homogenous unit, the fluid contours of which reflect the harmony of their collective existence and echo the lines of the hills behind them, suggestion that they are also in harmony with their surroundings. The pure, strong colors reflect their uncomplicated yet intense experience of the world as March enviously imagined it. Paul Klee, Hammamet with its mosque-The play between geometric composition and irregular brush strokes is reminiscent of Cezannes work, which Kl ee has recently seen.The luminous colors and delicate washes or applications of dilute watercolor, result in a gently shimmering effect The subtle modulations of red across the bottom, especially are positively melodic. Klee who played violin and belonged to a musical family, seems to have wanted to use color the way a musician would use sound, not to describe appearances but to evoke subtle nuances of feeling. Pablo Picasso, Self Portrait, 1901- reveals his unhappiness which reveals his familiarity with cold, hunger and disappointment.In search of a more vital art inviroment, Picasso moves to paris where his circumstances improved. Picasso, Family of saltimbanques, 1905-In this mysterios composition, si figures ihabit a barren lanscape ainted in warm tones of beige and rose sketchily brushed over a blue ground. Five of the figures cluster together in the left two thirds of the picture while the sicth a seather woman curiously detached, occupies her own space in the lower right. All of the saltimbanques seem psycholically withdrawn and uncommunicative as silent as the emoty andscape they occupy.Picasso, Les Demoisleels d’Avogmon, 1907-Iberian influences is seen in the faces of the three leftmost figures, with their simplified features and wise, almond shaped eyes. The faces of the two right handed, painted in a radically different style, were inspired by African art. Given the then condesving attitudes towards primitive cultures. Picassos wholesale adoption and adaptation of their styles for a large multifigured painting , as opposed to a still life or a small genre work. Georges Braqu, houses at L’Estaque- Reveals the emergence of early Cubism.Inspired by Cezannes example, Braque reduced natures many colors to its essential browns and greens and eliminated detail to emphasize basic geometric forms. Arranging the buildings into an appoximate pyramid, he pushed those in the distance closer to the foreground, so the viewer looks uop the plane of th e canvas more than into. Georges Braque, Violin and Palette, 1909-10-the gradual abstraction of deep space and recognizable subject matter is well under way. The still life items are not arranged in illusionistic depth but are pushed close to the picture plane in a shallow space.Braque knit the various elements together into a single shifting surface of forms and colors. In some areas of the paintings, these formal elements have lost not only their natural spatial relations nut their identities as well. Picasso, Glass and bottle of suze, 1912 – Collage , a work composed of separate elements pasted together. At the center, newsprint and construction paper are assembled to suggest a tray or round table supporting a glass and a bottle of liquor with an actual label.Robert Deluanay, Homage to Bleriot 1914-pays tribute to the French pilot who in 1909 was the first to fly across the English channel. One of Bleriots early airplane, in the upper right, and the Eiffel tower below it, symbolized technological and social progress, and the crossing of the channel expressed the hope of a new, unified world without national, antagonisms. The brightly colores circular forms that fill the canvas suggest both the movement of the propellar on the left and blazing sun. Fernand Legere, Three women, 1921- Machine age version of the French odalique tradition that dates back to Ingeres.The picture space is shallow and compressed by less radically shattered than analytic cubist works. The women arranged within a geometric grid stare out blankly at us, embodying a quality of classical calm. Legers wome haveidentical faces, and their bodies seem assembled from metal parts. Boccion, Unique forms of continuity in space, 1913-an armless nude figure in full, powerful stride. The contours of the muscular body flutter and flow into the surround space, expressing the fgres great velocity and vitatlity as it rushes forward, a stirring symbol of the brave new futurist world.Malevich, The supremist paintng- consists simply of eight red rectangles arranged diagnolly on a white painted ground. Malevich called this art suprematism, short for the supremacy of pure feeling in creative art. Motivated by a pure feeling for plastic values. Brancusi, The New born, 1915-the egg symbolizes the birth or the rebirth and the pontential for growth and development. He say egg shapes as perfect, organic ovals that contain all possible life forms. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917-A porcelain urinal turned 90 degrees an signed it as mocking J. L mott Iron works.The manufacturer. Marcel Duchamp, L H O O Q, 1919-Marcel bought a postcard of the mona lisa and painted a mustache and a beard on the famous fac, and signed it with his name. he called this piece not a readymade but and assisted readymade. John Sloan, Election Night, 1914-Embodies many of the groups concerns. Theartist went out into street during a postelection victory celebration and made a sheaf of quick drawings that he turned into this painting. The work feels like a spontaneous sketch. Sloan was an avid socialist who made illustrations for several leftist magazines in those years.Dove, Nature Symbolized, no. 2-is a remarkable set of small worksin which the artist made visual equivalents for natural phenomena such as rivers, trees and breezes. Doce rendered nature as from his experience of it. Okeefe, City Night, 1926-dark tonalities, stark forms, and exaggerated perspective may produce a sense of menace or claustrophobia. . The painting seems to reflect okeefs own growing perception of the city as too confinig. Frida Kahlo, The two fridas, 1939-shows an image of Kahlo that expresses a split in her identity between Mexican and European.The European frida wear a Victorian dress while the Mexican wears peasant clothing. The blood vessel that flows through both fridas hints at the idea that the artist was injured as a teen an the painting shows her inner pain and struggle. Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye France , 1929-House outside of paris is an icon of international style. It is the best expression of his domino construction system. Frand Llyoyd Wright. Frederick C Robie house, Chicago 1906-Organized around a central chimney that marks the hearth as the physical and psychological center of the home. Frand e

Both Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin

Both Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kate Chopin give the reader a taste of what marriage must have been like and is still like for some. Both the narrator in Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Mrs. Mallard in â€Å"Story of an Hour† are repressed wives. The society they live in and gender roles contribute to their repressed states. Both Chopin and Gilman write of women’s’ issues in many of their works and explore the roles and lives of women but in very different ways. Both authors show us women who feel very trapped and do not have control of even the most obvious aspects of their lives.Freedom is achieved in very unconventional ways in both these stories, but the kind of freedom these narrators achieve is not available to most women of the time. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the narrator, who significantly is never named, is significantly repressed by her husband. Her husband is a doctor who is at bes t patronizing and at worst demeaning to her For example, â€Å"John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage† (Gilman). This quote is included to make the reader question this relationship.Were women supposed to be laughed at in marriage? Another example of this would be â€Å"Then he took me in his arms and called me a blessed little goose† (Gilman). Again, her husband is patronizing her. It is not that she doesn’t love her husband or even that he doesn’t love her. It is simply that this is the way marriage is expected to be. She must bend to his every whim and do exactly what he tells her. She doesn’t even have control of her own body or her own medical treatment in this story. Her husband is a man and a doctor, both of which make him â€Å"right.† The reader infers that the narrator has recently had a baby and is suffering from post-partum depression, which is undiagnosed at the time Gilman writes. Her husband John has ta ken her to a vacation home/mental health facility for the summer. She has no say in this decision but is only told to rest and recover. When she wants to go visit her cousins Henry and Julia, she is again turned down. Her husband really plays more of a parental role with her. Eventually she begins to peel the wallpaper to give her something to do, and she sees a woman trapped behind the wallpaper. This woman represents her.She is trapped in this house, in this life—only she has no one to help her escape. She sets about freeing this woman; only when she does, she suddenly becomes the woman. The narrator says, â€Å"I've got out at last,† said I, â€Å"in spite of you and Jane! And I've pulled off most of the paper, so you can't put me back! † (Gilman) Significantly, she has escaped although she has lost her sanity as well. Charlotte Perkins-Gilman herself tells us why she wrote this story, and that is to stop women from going crazy. Women need to free themselves from the bonds of men. In â€Å"Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin’s narrator seems like a typical wife.Her husband has gone on a hunting trip, and when she gets news of his death, she is at first very sad. Then she begins to understand the ramifications of him being gone, the idea that she can now live for herself, and she celebrates. â€Å"She said it over and over under her breath: â€Å"free, free, free! † (Chopin) The narrator realizes exactly what her husband’s death means. â€Å"There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature.† (Chopin) However, this celebration is brief because she then gets news that in fact, her husband is still alive. She dies of heart failure. Everyone believes that she has died from â€Å"the joy that kills,† (Chopin), but the reader knows that she has died over the unpleasant shock that her husband is still alive. Kate Chopin, of course, is implying for us that â€Å"real happiness cannot exist without the necessary conditions of freedom and equality. † While Mrs. Mallard has not been miserable in her marriage, nor did she spend her time thinking about whether her marriage was happy, she has now had a glimpse of what her life would be like alone.She loved the thought and was excited about facing life alone. The reader understands that while the narrator did not necessarily know it at the time, she was still repressed by her marriage and that constant bending of her will to another human being. Both of these authors provide us with a realistic picture of what marriage could and can be like. They are repressed and trapped in their relationships, but each author shows us a different way out. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† ironically the na rrator escapes through insanity.She frees the woman in the wallpaper, thereby freeing herself of societal expectations. In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour,† the narrator first escapes through the death of her husband and then through her own death. It isn’t that she doesn’t love her husband. She does experience momentary grief, but through her grief and fear, she gets a glimpse of what her future could look like. She understands that she will finally be able to live for herself. So, when she finds out her husband is alive, she dies of a heart attack. How sad it is that these women can escape in no other ways.Both Gilman and Chopin were masters at allowing the reader to see the way that women were repressed in their society. We don’t hate the men; we just wish women did not have to be so subservient. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† http://classiclit. about. com/library/bl- etexts/kchopin/bl-kchop-story. htm Esch, S tacy Tartar. http://brainstorm-services. com/wcu-2005/poe-story-hour. html 2001-2005. Accessed March 18, 2007. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† http://classiclit. about. com/library/bl-etexts/cpgilman/bl-cpgilman-yellowwall. htm

Rise and Fall of Civilizations

Chanelle Samuel The Inevitable Progression of Complex Societies Ancient civilizations and the civilizations of today all share a commonality. That commonality is that all civilizations seem to go through this pattern of rise and fall. The civilization will grow, prosper, accumulate wealth and power, but eventually due to a variety of factors including natural disasters, economic decline, invasion, and so on, the civilization will slowly lose power and land and relinquish any sort of ties that once held them together.This is clearly evident in most civilizations, and the civilizations that it is not clearly evident in are those that can technically be called civilizations today. But since they are still civilizations of today, the cycle or rise and fall may not be completer yet. This rise and fall of civilizations is an inevitable process that continues to be a factor in today’s world. For the purpose of this essay I would like to clarify the definitions of terms that I will be using.The first is the term rise and fall. I clarify rise to be when a group of people gains power over their geography and environment, are unified in some way, and have the ability to not only sustain their power but have the potential to expand that power and influence outwards. Fall will be defined as when a group of people have no potential to expand, are losing their sustained power, and when there is no chance for them to rise again.A harder term to define is that of civilization, but for the purpose of this essay civilization will be defined as occupying a geographical area, the defining feature of how that civilization responds to the challenges from their location, maintain a social organization (that may change over time), a common religion, a form of communication, and an economic system (that changes over time). So form this point onwards these are the meanings of the terms I will be using. Form the beginnings of time humans have aggregated together, and lived within f amily groupings.These groupings at the beginning were very small, usually only containing of one family. But as humans began to learn, with the innovations of new tools and ideas were formed, as well as the ability to travel in larger numbers emerged. These were known as the hunter-gatherer civilizations. They were nomads who continually migrated in search of food resources with the changing of the seasons. From natural progression some of these peoples evolved to stay in one area and cultivate crops that beforehand they had mostly gathered. They began to domesticate regional plants and animals found in the area.This transfer from nomadic peoples to agricultural settlements was the first real implications of a true civilization. One of the first agricultural settlements that expanded and became a prosperous civilization was that of the Indus River Valley in present day Pakistan and India. It was built on the floodplains of the Indus and Saraswati Rivers, which created a problem as l eaders would have to deal with environmental factors such as intense flooding during the rainy season. The civilization was at its height from twenty-six hundred to nineteen hundred B.C. E. , and contained as many as five million people. Its economy was based heavily on trade which they prospered from due to their valuable commodities of ivory, cotton, hardwoods, and precious stones. They also had a unified culture, art and script. As I have outlined here the Indus River Valley clearly meets the criteria of a civilization. Although the historical evidence for this society is scarce as we cannot interpret their script, it is clear that this society expanded and flourished with the help of an extensive trade network and a fortified city.This would constitute the civilizations rise to power and extension of that power from trade alliances. This led to the height of the civilization which was showcased with the societies planned streets, with complicated plumbing, bath houses, and assem bly halls. But by eighteen hundred B. C. E. the civilization began to collapse. The most likely reason for the collapse was due to environmental factors including constant river flooding which could be due to increasing temperatures that caused the Himalayan glaciers to increase water in the rivers.This then affected their ability to cultivate crops and had an impact on sustaining high population numbers and the effectiveness of trade. There also may have been earthquakes which changed the landscape and may have altered the course of the rivers. The Indus river Valley clearly follows the rise and fall cycle of civilizations. It came to prominence beside the Indus River and based its agriculture on the fertile flood plains of the river. It grew in power and influence as the wealth of commodities they held were traded with neighbouring peoples.But environmental factors caused strain on the civilization that over time they were not able to solve or cope with which led to the eventual d ecline and fall of this once thriving civilization. Another example of civilizations that followed the same course were the shorted-lived civilizations of West Africa. These civilizations prospered in sub-Saharan Africa around the Senegal and Niger Rivers. The first civilization to rise there was that of Ancient Ghana. It developed around the fourth and fifth century C. E. from nomadic peoples known as the Soninke banding together for protection.They rose to power as the kings of Ghana maintained a monopoly on the trade of gold. They were in a key location which contained some of the largest gold resources of that time, and as civilizations in the Mediterranean based their currency on gold, it was in high demand. This caused Ghana to rely heavily on trade for their economy, as Arabs from Northern Africa crossed the Saharan desert to bring goods from elsewhere and trade for gold and salt. But Ghana began to weaken in power as the trade routes shifted further east and also lost its tr ading monopoly on gold.In addition other peoples envied Ghana’s wealth and pressured Ghana with attacks that further weakened the empire. Soon after, Ancient Ghana was overtaken and swallowed into the Mali Empire, which had the same characteristics of the Ghana Empire. It also relied heavily on trade and especially that of gold and salt. And similar to Ghana the Mali Empire slowly weakened and another empire the Songhay Empire exerted influenced and encompassed Mali into their empire. The West African civilizations are characterized by short periods of power, and eventual decline and take over by another society.That is why some people and I believe that those three civilizations can really be considered as one larger civilization. When taken as one civilization, you can think of Ghana and Mali and Songhay as three peaks of this one larger civilization, but as Songhay began to lose control of the trade routes another rising power from around todays Morocco caused the final fa ll of the West African civilization. West Africa fits in as a civilization by having common language roots of the Mande and Arabic, as well as a tolerant religion of a mixture of Islam and polytheism.They were located in western sub-Saharan Africa and maintained a heavy reliance on trade for their economies. But since they relied so heavily on the trade routes through the Saharan desserts once they lost control of those routes, they eventually diminished in power, and were invaded by other powers. The third civilization I would like to discuss is the Mayan Civilization. Its geographic location encompasses todays Guatemala, El Salvador, and Mexico. It was established in one hundred C. E. in an inhospitable landscape.The culture was undoubtedly polytheistic as there were enormous amounts of natural disasters in this area which could be why a lot of their gods are angry and vengeful gods. Their economy was based on trading with the peoples of the north. They also established religious centers and the formation of city-states. Mayan society was very advanced but all technological innovations pertained to religion and appeasement of their gods. They had a unified written script which allowed them to communicate. The height of Mayan civilization was in three hundred C.E. and was followed by a period of decline. There are many factors that caused the decline of the Mayan civilization. Firstly, environmental factors played a large role as a period of drought commenced after many successful rainy seasons which lead to huge increases in the population. So when the drought hit and crops began to fail, there just wasn’t enough food to support such a large population. They also used slash and burn agriculture which only supports crops for a short period of time before that same land becomes arid and unusable.Also the arrival of the Spanish in Peru lead to the spread of epidemic diseases that the Mayans had no immunity for including small pox, measles, and chicken po x. Internal rivalries were also present which caused conflict and instability within the society. The Spanish also conquered territory and with their superior weapons and military they were able to defeat the Mayans. At the height of Mayan Civilization it is obvious that this civilization was strong and very advanced. But, like the other civilizations a variety of factors came about that lead to the decline and further more fall of the Mayan Civilization.However there are still people of Mayan descent that I do believe protect the language and customs, but Mayan civilization no longer has its own economic base or power and influence over other peoples or on the environment. And lastly, I would like to look at Roman Civilization. The Roman Empire was founded in eight century B. C. E. , and was originally a small city-state ruled by a single king. However, in five hundred and nine B. C. E. the city’s aristocrats deposed the king and instituted a republic. When the republican co nstitution was in place, Roman civilization really began to rise in prominence.Between the fourth and second centuries B. C. E. , the people of Rome transformed their city from a small vulnerable city-state to the center of an enormous empire. In early Rome, polytheism was common, which was their belief in many Roman gods, but as they conquered lands new religions were brought into the empire including Judaism and Christianity. They consolidated their power in the Italian peninsula, and expanded outwards to conquer lands. They absorbed the land they conquered and allowed those peoples to govern their own internal affairs, and if they wanted, to gain Roman citizenship.This expansion brought wealth and power to Rome, but also increased class tensions where the disparity between the poor and the wealthy, and also administering to all the conquered lands began to strain resources. The Roman Empire was based on trade, and since they had such a large territory there was a lot of specializ ation that allowed them to trade in many goods. But with the over reach of the Roman Empire and the strain on resources, the Roman Empire was just too large to control and maintain. Internal tensions and attacks from outsiders also led to the fall of Rome.I have just outlined four cases that come from completely different areas of the world in which civilizations have risen, reached some sort of peak, and then declined and eventually diminished altogether. There are many more examples of civilizations throughout history that have also followed this pattern, but does outlining the instances in which these civilizations became established and then subsequent fall really explains why rise and fall is inevitable in all civilizations? I do not believe it explains the inevitability part that I have mentioned.I think in order to really understand why civilizations are bound to repeat this process lies within the human psyche. Humans are essentially the most complex species on the planet. I t is our brain and the ability to make tools that sets us apart from all other species and has allowed us to grow and develop in the way that we have. But humans also have another side which is not as bright. It is our consumerism, greed, and the belief that our species is the superior species and therefore we have the right to do what we will.This belief in superiority and greed has led to an evolution where we do not take into account the environment and the land that gives us sustenance and the ability to breathe clean air. This dominance over the environment and superiority has directed many civilizations to their downfall due to overconfidence, overextension of their power, and overharvesting of their resources. An example I have already spoken about is Rome. The need to conquer more land, and their greed in gaining wealth and power by taking other’s resources only amounted in weakening the empire to a state that left them vulnerable to invasion and collapse.In Mesoameri ca civilizations like the Mayans, used the slash and burn technique in agriculture which had devastating effects on the land. The destruction of forests for agricultural land releases a large amount of stored carbon that will all be released in the atmosphere. It also extinguishes nutrient cycling by creating crop land since no decomposition of organic matters occur, the soils then become very poor and arid and makes way for soil erosion, and can also lead to desertification. The biosphere actually has a carrying capacity for each environment.A carrying capacity is the amount of individuals that can live off the environment in a certain area. Once that plateau is reached there will be no more food, water, or shelter for those excess people. The earth cannot just contain an infinite amount of organisms. It has a limit to the amount it can supply. Once that plateau is hit there is no possibility of growth or extension of power and influence unless people find a way to live sustainably . The progression of civilizations will not overcome the rise and fall course of development unless humans make a shift in their thought processes.As presented in this essay the evidence of rise and fall within a civilization is sound. From past civilizations the overexpansion, internal dissent, invasion, or environmental factors have been the cause of decline in all those civilizations. In the civilizations that still exist today; the human beliefs are still the same. There is still this want to expand, to exhibit a greater power or influence over others, and to gain in wealth. This consumer way of life is the mindset that leads to declines of civilizations. The exploitation of the environment including agriculture, fishing, metals, oil, nd logging is causing a degradation of the environment and could lead to the collapse of the last remaining civilizations. Unless there is a switch to sustainable living in which the environment can recuperate and replenish, there will be nothing l eft to consume and nothing left to form the basis of today’s global economic society. Therefore all civilizations need to live and grow with the thought that natural resources are not infinite but in fact are running out very fast. If humans continue to live as greed-filled, corporation based unsustainable societies then it is inevitable that they will all fall.

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Globalisation - Essay Example This article discusses major implications created by globalisation for Governments, organisations and individuals. The article strongly advocates a neutral perspective, the pros and cons of globalisation. The pro and anti-globalist agenda, challenges faced by governments and its effects on individual organisations have been considered to explain the phenomenon referred to as globalisation. Technology has reduced the communication gaps between geographies. Travelling across national borders has been made easier and as a result doing business internationally has lesser complications in the modern age. The introduction and implementation of International Accounting Standards (IAS’s) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS’s) has made comparisons between organisations appropriate. Comparable and understandable flow of financial information has developed greater trust amongst investors. Formation of European Union, African Union and the Arab League has further cracked open the case for globalisation. Similar laws and regulation prevailing through the Middle East, the common currency usage across Europe and the fusion of cultures has further escalated the pace of Globalisation. Globalisation accelerates the exchange of ideas and commodities over massive distances. Generally it can be held that as economies emerge and adapt to work together, they experience growth and opportunities to expand across national borders. It can also be advocated strongly that increased globalisation has created fierce competition amongst economies, nations, corporations and individuals. The concept of globalisation is not as simple as it jingles along. Repercussions of the process are severe. This article discusses major implications created by globalisation for Governments, organisations and individuals. The article strongly advocates a neutral perspective, the pros and cons of globalisation. The pro and anti-globalist agenda, challenges faced by governments an d its effects on individual organisations have been considered to explain the phenomenon referred to as globalisation. (ACCA, 2011) As globalisation become more universal, responses against and for have materialised. The powerful pro-globalisation lobby advocates their perspective as being adequate. Their argument indeed has much weight. They strongly support the idea that globalisation brings forth opportunities for nearly every one. Increased competition amongst organisations can provide numerous opportunities for individual growth and would create better employment opportunities. It reduces the impact of few capitalists dictating the economy as they see fit. Thereby increasing standards of living amongst the citizens and pushing the GDP positive. The main pro-globalisation organisations promoting it are the World Trade Organisation and the World Economic forum. The world trade organisation is a member driven institute. Its purpose of existence is to oversee the global rules of tr ade between nations. Its core responsibility is to make certain that trade flows smoothly and freely. Similarly the world economic forum is an independent organisation involved in improving the worlds business, academic and political environments. Both the organisations through series of debate and negotiations with member countries have achieved milestones which seemed impossible at one stage (Macdonald,

Organization Theory & Design Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organization Theory & Design Bachelor - Essay Example FedEx has always been a leading innovator in changing how the world works and lives. By providing perspective on subjects that are critical to life and business today, we seek to call attention to these important topics and help others realize the benefits and opportunities associated with them. The company's mission is to produce superior financial returns for shareowners by providing high value-added supply chain, transportation, business and related information services through focused operating companies. Federal Express will be focused in the customers' satisfaction in the highest quality manner. The organization will strive to develop mutually rewarding relationships with its employee, partners and suppliers. Safety will be the first consideration in all operations. Corporate activities will be conducted to the highest ethical and professional standards. This study examines the organizational structure on firm performance, incentive problems, and financial decisions. The FedEx families of companies headquarter in Memphis, TN represents a $32 billion corporation that offers the broadest array of transportation, e-commerce and supply chain solutions in the world. At FedEx, more than 260,000 employees and contractors are personally dedicated to doing absolutely, positively whatever it takes to deliver for our customers' everyday. The FedEx family of companies is comprised of the following: FedEx Express - Reliable express delivery, usually in one to two business days, delivering to 220 countries. FedEx Ground - Dependable, small package ground service, including FedEx home delivery. FedEx Freight - Regional, less-than-truckload transportation for heavyweight freight FedEx Custom Critical - Non-stop, door to door delivery of time critical shipments whether its parts to keep a vital production line running, emergency generators to restore power after the storm, or a priceless piece of art that needs special handling. As North America's largest time-specific, critical-shipment carrier, FedEx Custom Critical provides pickup and delivery services throughout the U.S. and Canada within Europe - 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. FedEx Trade Networks - High-tech customs clearance solutions. FedEx Services - Information Technology, sales and marketing services for the FedEx companies. The Strategic Direction sector of FedEx was created to improve the strategic policy and planning capability, and strengthen its external liaison and partnerships-building capacity. The sector is responsible for providing advice and support to senior management in setting the strategic direction of the organization, and does so by ensuring FedEx direction is aligned with broader government priorities, and reflects emerging environmental trends and the imperatives of partners and clients. The sector incorporates a policy development and research capacity to improve FedEx input to emerging policy, and a rigorous environmental scanning capability to assess the socio- economic, technological, legal and political environment, both at the domestic and international levels. In addition, a strong internal and external communications component supports strategic policy and planning, and helps the FedEx achieve its identified priorities. FedEx main goal is to The responsible for the strategic direction of FedEx is Mr. Frederick W. Smith he is the chairman, president and chief

Evaluate the authorities' handling of the 'Alex Nord' case. How would Essay

Evaluate the authorities' handling of the 'Alex Nord' case. How would you have handled this case - Essay Example Disturbed childhood with numerous problems in the house and parent-child relationship can greatly put a child at the risk of developing this disease (Rutter 1998). If a parent is suffering from this disorder or AOD misuse disorder, this can provide the child with a role model to follow, and can enhance his abnormal activities (MedicineNet). Discord between parents or between a parent and the child, or asymmetric parent behavior and attention patterns to the child can trigger an inclination towards antisocial behavior in the child (Rutter 1998). The diagnosis of this disorder is a crucial and very serious matter, as this disease, whereas grave in its nature, has no definite treatment (MedicineNet). People suffering from this disease do not readily opt for treatment and therapy, and often have to be forced to do so, especially by the law (MedicineNet). Medication has proved to be an ineffective means of curing the disease, as firstly, there is no definite medication for this, and secondly, any medicines that may be given can be, and often are, abused or neglected by the patient, so they prove ineffective (MedicineNet). The only workable method if treatment is through psychotherapy of the patient, either individual or in groups_ depending upon the particular case and the needs of the individual_ combined with in-house and outpatient treatments, vocational training programs, and participation in long-term group therapies (MedicineNet). This treatment method, though not completely curable, does help tremendously in leading the individual toward a more normal lifestyle, and helping him pinpoint his problems and abnormal behavior so that he can make an effort to abstain from such activities in the future. Often this disorder wanes with age, with patients reduced to just substance abusers (MedicineNet). The Alex Nord Case: the case under consideration is that of a 24 year old man, named Alex Nord, who has been diagnosed with antisocial

U.S. housing market-boom or bust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

U.S. housing market-boom or bust - Essay Example The US housing market, once on its boom has witnessed a sharp decline in recent time which in effect has contributed to credit crunch for banks, pressure on currency or value of dollar in US, falling stock market, job cuts and global economic slowdown.But such was not the situation a few years back when the US housing market was at a BOOM.Looking back at the period of boom for the housing market in US we see that the interest rates were low according to the policies of Alan Greenspan, chairman Federal Reserve. In addition to prime loans, a lot of banks gave sub-primes loans to a great number of people. As the sub-prime loans increased, more people invested in property, bought houses to live in or rented them out. This was the time when the property prices were increasing. As the property prices increased, the value of the mortgage also increased, hence this lead to more borrowing and more sub-prime loans while the prices of property continued to increase.All that was happening till n ow was happening for good. But then the housing market took a different direction. The prices of property which was steeply increasing started to look more stable or flatter. This induced speculative buying and attracted a lot of sellers to the market. As the number of sellers increased due to speculation, the prices started to come down. This had a spiral effect and further decreased the prices with more people on the selling side. As the prices reduced, the value of mortgages also decreased often coming to a point lower than the loan provided. With buyers unable to pay back and value of mortgages lowered, the number of defaulters increased. With increased defaulters, the banks also came to the markets to sell the property against which the loans were taken. With more buyers, the sharp decline in housing markets was further ignited bringing the housing market of United States from a boom -to a bust. "Housing sales and prices in 2007 were much weaker than in 2006. The US housing industry in 2007 is in the deepest decline in 16 years." (Victor Sula, 2007) Some people blame the government and the policies for such a meltdown of the housing industry. They think the policies were not right to begin with and now nothing can be done to fix the damage already done. Also they blame the policies for the increased gap between the rich and the poor. This was not the end of the story. The decline of the housing market had further repercussions. With the housing market crashing, the credit worthiness of banks decreased. Increased number of defaulters meant more bad debts. This caused the decline of the stock market which of course affected other sectors as well. Investment was the main target. With the stock market in the home country in not such a good shape, investors started taking their investment outside the United States and foreign investment into United States also declined. This had an immediate effect on the value of dollar. This creates a problem with two solutions but both solutions present a loss to Americans. On the one hand, investors can be attracted by increased interest rates but housing market will go down faster. With lower rates investment will be lower. Also another factor with respect to investment that is taking place is that investors with the lowering price of dollar are investing in commodities like oil and petrol which in their view are safe and as a result the oil prices further increase. "Foreign investment is drying up and the world is no longer eager to purchase America's lavish debt. The only thing the Federal Reserve can do is raise interest rates to attract foreign capital or let the dollar fall in value. (Mike Whitney, 2007) Another effect was felt on the job market. With banks facing a credit crunch, there were a lot of job cuts putting a lot of people on the streets and curtailing their purchasing power. Job cuts were also taking place from other sectors such as automobile which contributed to the slowing down of economy and the houses now are selling much

ETHICAL DILEMMA IN THE CLINICAL RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ETHICAL DILEMMA IN THE CLINICAL RESEARCH - Essay Example The first is on the issue of disclosing all the information to the participants including all the risks of the trial or to just disclose the most important of the information and let the rest of the information be disclosed after the trial as a debrief. The dilemma comes in where the full disclosure of all the information to the participants may lead to some of them not giving informed consent and opting out in which case it will take longer to find others without any guarantee that they will also stay throughout the whole exercise. The lack of disclosure will lead to signing the consent and the trial continuing as scheduled (Gad, 2009). The other ethical dilemma comes in in the issue of publication of the findings of the clinical trial. The clinical trial may be marked with several problems which may render the drug unfriendly to most people. If this information is released to the public through the findings, the drug may either be banned from manufacture and production or harm many people. On the other hand, the lack of issuing of publication will mean that no one will know of the drug and hence the whole process of research and trial will have just been a waste of time and money and hence a loss which many pharmaceutical companies cannot handle (Verdu-Pacual and Ponce, 2001). They therefore have to make the hard choice of risking the lives of people and a future lawsuit by publishing or cutting their losses and going back to the drawing board. Lastly is the issue of patent rights versus the rights of patients. A patent lasts for 4 years at which point it is given to another company or group. Every company wants to maximize these 4 years in order to have covered the expenses of production and made enough profit to sustain them (Lo, 2012). The dilemma comes in where in order to be able to do this within this short time, they have to overcharge the consumers for the drugs which is considered totally unethical and even inhumane and especially if the

Public Law in the UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Law in the UK - Assignment Example There are various opinions on why the U.K does not have a written constitution. Some observers feel that the U.K does not have a codified constitution because it has been politically stable for too long. The royal families in other European countries like France and Germany have had to step down and draw up constitutions as a result of a revolt by the masses. In contrast, Great Britain never faced any revolt or rebellion against the crown during the 19th century. Instead, it has transformed itself into a democracy over the years. [Nigel Morris,2008] In the process of drafting a Bill of Rights and Responsibilities outlining citizens' rights and codifying the political system last year, Jack Straw, Secretary of State for Justice remarked that "The constitution of the United Kingdom exists in hearts and minds and habits as much as it does in law." This statement provides a good enough reason as to why there is no codified constitution on the U.K. He also points out that the passing of this Bill could bring U.K in line with the most progressive democracies in the world. [Nigel Morris,2008]. Morris, however, argues in favor of a written constitution stating that British democracy is in a crisis as citizens eye politicians with cynicism and the turnout in general elections has been falling over the years. This could be due to a lack of interest on the part of citizens as there is no written code of law stating their rights and responsibilities. The true essence of a democracy is the manner in which its elections are held. Since democracy is the rule by representatives of the people, a larger voter turnout could mean an active interest on the part of citizens in the affairs of the State. An alarming trend has been observed in the turnout in elections in Britain in recent times. Each time, the number of voters keeps decreasing from the previous one. Other than the general elections in 2001, where the turnout was 59.2%, only a miserable 23% of the population of U.K voted in the European elections in 1999. This was the lowest turnout among all European countries. The following table shows the voter turnout over time in British elections. While the turnout in local elections saw regular fluctuations between 1979 to 1992, it seemed to follow a downtrend from 1992 onwards. The General Elections saw a marginal decline in turnout from 1979 to 1983, though it was a respectable 75% till 1992, after which it appears to have declined to 70% in 1997 and crashed to below 60% in 2001. Similarly, while the turnout in bye-election was almost 55% in 1979, it had declined to almost 40% in 2001.

Teaching Critical Awareness Essay Example for Free

Teaching Critical Awareness Essay Jane Mayer begins the article by bringing out the important part in teaching sociology which is ensuring that the students have understood the various types of social structures and their relationship with each other and to individuals. In order to achieve the above objective, integration of various processes and learning experiences is important. They involve an integration of both passive and active models of collective and active learning. The use of various teaching devices such as films, lecture and student seminars enhance the critical understanding because they give students more opportunities to be actively involved in the subject-matter (Jane, pp. 253). According to Jane, (pp. 253), when using critical teaching, one is supposed to look for a way through which the problem of apathy and self-involvement in students can be overcome. This is: stimulation of a critical understanding of the social structures. In the choice of tutorial framework to be used in the course: it should include academic sociology, commonsense and journalism. Children should be encouraged to analyze the day to day occurrences from different perspectives. She explains that although lecturing is important in teaching, it does not trigger critical thinking because it puts more emphasis on memorizing. Video is an affective mode of teaching when combined with audio devices. They help open sensory avenues which promote learning. Self learning also provides an opportunity for analytical skills to develop while reading and writing. Collective learning like student seminars provides a collective way of learning. This provides the students with skills necessary to deal with contemporary social issues (Jane, pp. 253). Because of the various elements in the different types of teachings, they are supposed to be combined together for one to achieve maximum results. Self-learning, passive, active and collective learning have a part to play and therefore should be integrated. Works cited Jane, Mayer. Teaching critical awareness in an introductory course. Teaching sociology, vol. 14, No. 4(Oct. 1986), pp. 249-256.

Electronic Surveillance in Intelligence Services

Electronic Surveillance in Intelligence Services Overview It will be argued that the increased use of electronic surveillance is unlikely to lead to the demise of human intelligence sources, this assignment will show that the two will work together and that regulation will ensure that that they will both enhance each other. It will be suggested that these two types of surveillance will continue to work alongside each other, which each being more useful in differing circumstances and therefore electronic surveillance will not replace the need for human intelligence. Main Body In recent years a combination of developing technology, concern about confession evidence and the changing nature of, especially, financial and drug-related crime has led the police and other law enforcement agencies to adopt increasingly sophisticated and intrusive, methods of investigation. Much of this has been largely hidden from public view and unregulated. Incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights by the Human Rights Act 1998 will mean that privacy can only lawfully be interfered with if it is necessary to do so, and if it is carried out in accordance with law. The common law approach that the police can do what they want as long it is not prohibited by law is no longer acceptable. The Government introduced legislation or risk exclusion of evidence and challenge in both domestic courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The result is the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Bill, covering the interception of communications, the power to demand communica tions data and decryption of unintelligible material, the use of covert operations and surveillance, and establishing a tribunal to deal with complaints. The scope of the warrant procedure is significantly expanded by the Bill since it will now include interceptions of private telecommunications systems, and will clearly cover the interception of mobile telephones, e-mails, and other computer communications. Under s. 26(3) of the RIPA intrusive surveillance occurs when a surveillance device is used or an individual is actually present on residential premises, or in a private vehicle, or it is carried out by such a device in relation to such premises or vehicle without being present on the premises or vehicle. Residential is defined in s. 48(1) of the RIPA as premises used as living accommodation, while premises includes movable structures and land. The definition excludes common areas of residential premises and clearly does not cover office premises (s. 48(7)(b)). Thus, covert surveillance of office premises falls within the term directed, rather than intrusive, surveillance. Section 26(3), read with s. 48(7), offers only a partial definition since it would cover all forms of covert surveillance taking place in relation to residential premises. Some forms of such surveillance can be treated as directed surveillance, as indicated below, and it is in relation to residential premises that an area of uncertainty is created as to the category into which surveillance falls. Under s. 32(3) of the RIPA authorisation of intrusive surveillance is on the grounds of the interests of national security, for the purpose of preventing or detecting serious crime or of preventing disorder, in the interests of the economic well-being of the UK. Proportionality requirements are introduced under s. 32(2): the authorising person must be satisfied that the action to be taken is proportionate to what is hoped to be achieved by carrying it out. Authorisations for such surveillance are granted by the Home Secretary under s. 41 or, for police or customs officers, by senior authorising officers, who are the highest ranking police officers. There is provision for the grant of authorisations in a case of urgency by persons of equally high rank, other than the senior authorising officer. (Christie v United Kingdom 78-A DRE Com HR 119) Under s. 36, the authorisation will not take effect until it has been approved, except where it is urgent and the grounds for urgency are set out in the notice, in which case the authorisation will take effect from the time of its grant. Under s. 38 senior authorising officers can appeal to the Chief Surveillance Commissioner against decisions of ordinary Surveillance Commissioners. The Commissioners have responsibility for the destruction of material obtained by surveillance, under s. 37, but there is no requirement that material no longer needed for proceedings and no longer subject to an authorisation must be destroyed. The provisions for authorisations under ss 33, 34, 35 and 36 mirror those under the Police Act 1997, Part III in that, under s. 35, notice must be given to a Surveillance Commissioner and, under s. 36, the authorisation will not take effect until it has been approved, except where it is urgent and the grounds for urgency are set out in the notice, in which case the authorisation will take effect from the time of its grant. Under s. 38 senior authorising officers can appeal to the Chief Surveillance Commissioner against decisions of ordinary Surveillance Commissioners. The Commissioners have responsibility for the destruction of material obtained by surveillance, under s. 37, but there is no requirement that material no longer needed for proceedings and no longer subject to an authorisation must be destroyed. Under s. 43 authorisations can be granted or renewed urgently orally by senior authorising officers or in writing by persons authorised to act on their behalf in urgent cases. If , under s. 43(3)(a), an authorisation is granted or renewed by a person entitled to act only in urgent cases, or was renewed by such a person or orally, it ceases to take effect after 72 hours. Section 42 provides special rules for the intelligence services which overlap with those of s. 5 of the Intelligence Services Act 1994. Under s. 42 the security and intelligence services can undertake intrusive surveillance on grant of a warrant. The grounds are under s. 32(3). As far as intrusive surveillance is concerned, the function of the services in support of the prevention or detection of serious crime is excluded where the application is by a member of GCHQ or the SIS. Under s. 44(3) a warrant authorising intrusive surveillance issued by a senior official, and not renewed under the hand of the Secretary of State, shall cease to have effect at the end of the second working day after its issue. In the case of other warrants that point will be at the end of a period of six months from t he day of issue or renewal. As is obvious from the most cursory examination of RIPA, the distinction between intrusive and directed procedures will be significant in all cases of covert activity because the level of authorisation required and the triggering conditions differ substantially. In the case of the police cell it is crucial, yet RIPA fails to provide an explicit classification of the cell in these terms. It is particularly disappointing that Parliament failed to pre-empt challenges to such an apparently widespread police practice by providing a definitive answer to this problem. It seems bizarre that in interpreting such a recent statute expressly designed to regulate covert activity the matter turns on peripheral matters of definition. The confusion on this point in RIPA cannot be underestimated: the Court of Appeal in Mason called for urgent clarification of whether the police cell is now governed by intrusive or directed surveillance under RIPA. Although the new Code of Practice issued under s. 71 of RIPA now suggests that cell bugging is intrusive surveillance, this is such an important issue for the suspect and apparently such a commonplace police technique that it is submitted that it ought to be dealt with on the face of the statute. The use of human beings to provide information is a valuable resource for the protection of the public and the maintenance of law and order. In order that local authorities and law enforcement agencies are able to discharge their responsibilities, use is made of ‘undercover’ officers and informants. These are referred to as ‘covert human intelligence sources’ or ‘sources’ and the area of work of undercover officers and informants to whom this procedure applies will be referred to as ‘source work.’ In 1999 the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) and HM Customs and Excise published a set of Codes of Practice on Standards in Covert Law Enforcement Techniques. The Codes have no legal basis but are recognised by the police, HM Customs and Excise and the Government as providing authoritative guidelines, and these replace previous guidance issued by the Home Office. (See (www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ripa/ripact.htm).) As the accompanying Declaration on ethical standards and covert investigative techniques states, the working practices set out in the Codes seek to achieve a balance between the requirement to work within a defined framework for the safeguarding of civil liberties and the maintenance of a robust approach to the tackling of crime and criminality. In its reduced form the substance of this statement is a desire to ensure that covert techniques are fair and effective. (Murfield: 2001) Section 3 of this Code, Surveillance in or into Public Places, is of relevance to the type of operation considered here. This section is applicable to the planned deployment of covert surveillance resources against the public at large, in order to meet a particular law enforcement need, or against specified individuals in public places where no interference with property is intended. The Code goes on to provide that: Before giving authorisations for surveillance into public places where no unlawful interference with property is proposed, the authorising officer must be satisfied that the proposed surveillance is a reasonable means of achieving the desired result. Manna from heaven operations provide an opportunity to manipulate a combination of circumstances which may lead to an offence being committed. According to the widely accepted routine activity theory, offending is determined by the convergence in space and time of three factors: (i) a likely offender, (ii) a suitable target and (iii) the absence of a capable guardian. In the light of this obvious concerns arise over the planning of this type of operation as the police have varying degrees of control over all three factors. By choosing the location of the operation they have some influence over who may be exposed to the temptation offered, also over the presence of a capable guardian, and they have absolute control over the target, i.e. the type and value of the property used. The 1997 and 2000 Acts require the Chief Surveillance Commissioner to keep under review (with the assistance of the Surveillance Commissioners and Assistant Surveillance Commissioners) the performance of functions under Part III of the 1997 Act and Part II of the 2000 Act by the police (including the Royal Navy Regulating Branch, the Royal Military Police and the Royal Air Force Police and the Ministry of Defence Police and the British Transport Police), NCIS, the NCS, HMCE and of the 2000 Act the other public authorities listed in Schedule 1 and in Northern Ireland officials of the Ministry of Defence and HM Forces. The Intelligence Services Commissioners remit is to provide independent oversight of the use of the powers contained within Part II of the 2000 Act and the 1994 Act by the Security Service, Secret Intelligence Service, GCHQ and the Ministry of Defence and HM Forces (excluding the Royal Navy Regulating Branch, the Royal Military Police and the Royal Air Force Police, and in Northern Ireland officials of the Ministry of Defence. It is important to consider the effect that the human rights has on both electronic surveillance and human surveillance and its conflict with the RIPA. The substantive rights of Schedule 1 to the HRA may be said to fall into two groups. The first, which includes Article 6, covers a number of fundamental rights; they include the right to liberty under Article 5, the right to a fair hearing under Article 6(1); the presumption of innocence under Article 6(2); minimum rights applicable to everyone charged with a criminal offence under Article 6(3), including the rights to legal assistance of his own choosing and to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him. Articles 8-11 and Protocols 1 and 6 may be said to cover a more developed conception of human rights; the rights provided include the right to respect for privacy under Article 8, and rights to the freedoms o f expression, association and assembly under Articles 10 and 11. Articles 8-11 indicate a structured approach to state interference with the guarantees. To be justified, such interference must be prescribed by law, have a legitimate aim, be necessary in a democratic society and be applied in a non-discriminatory fashion (Article 14). (Uglow: 1995) The European Court of Human Rights main concern has been with the necessary in a democratic society requirement; the notion of prescribed by law has been focused upon to some extent but usually with the result that it has been found to be satisfied. (See Malone v UK (1985) 7 EHRR 14) The legitimate aim requirement will normally be readily satisfied; as Harris, OBoyle and Warbrick point out, the grounds for interference (under paragraph 2 of Articles 8-11) are so wide that the state can usually make a plausible case that it did have a good reason for interfering with the right. (Harris et al, 1995 at p290) As has been demonstrated the use of electronic surveillance is complicated and heavily regulated. However it is useful and can work alongside covert human intelligent. It is worthy of considering some of the technicalities of the two forms of surveillance. There are some difficulties with electronics such as that it may not work and it can fail. However this can also be a problem with human covert surveillance in so far as the operations can fail, and the potential defendant can fail to be present, therefore there are equal difficulties with both of these methods of surveillance. Covert Human Surveillance will still require corroboration and can prove to be unreliable. The other difficulty that is raised in relation to covert human surveillance is its interaction with the human rights act. In the case of R v Lawrence, Hope, Stapleton, Stapleton, Bravard and May (3 August 2002, CA) this was considered. This was a case of VAT fraud, involving a loss of  £ 11 million. Evidence had been obtained by a covert surveillance device or probe which had been authorised under Pt III of the Police Act 1997. The appellants submitted before the Court of Appeal that the probe was a breach of Art 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights and that the provisions in the Police Act concerning intrusive surveillance were incompatible with the Convention. Dismissing the appeal, the court held that the probe did not breach Art 8. Covert surveillance was compatible with the Convention where it was authorised by law; such authority was provided by the Police Act. The surveillance was necessary in a democratic society for the prevention of disorder or crime. It was also proportionate. Article 8(2) was therefore complied with. The Police Act 1997 has been overtaken by Pt II of RIPA, which introduces regulatory procedures for various forms of surveillance which, until now, have had no basis in statute. RIPA provides for more stringent scrutiny than the Police Act. However, as with the Police Act and Art 8, Pt II of RIPA provides for no restriction on the use of evidence so obtained. Rather, RIPA is concerned with the various forms of surveillance described in s 26. Once authorised under s 27, the s 26 surveillance will be lawful in relation to that authorisation. Sections 28, 29 and 32 require that the covert surveillance be necessary and proportionate. Therefore in conclusion it is argued that the increased use of electronic surveillance is unlikely to lead to the demise of human intelligence sources, this assignment that the two work well together and that they are both heavily regulated. Regulation will ensure that the two will work together and that they will both enhance each other. It is suggested that these two types of surveillance will continue to work alongside each other, which each being more useful in differing circumstances Bibliography Cases Christie v United Kingdom 78-A DRE Com HR 119 Malone v UK (1985) 7 EHRR 14 R v Lawrence, Hope, Stapleton, Stapleton, Bravard and May (3 August 2002, CA) Legislation Intelligence Services Act 1994 Police Act 1997 Regulation of Investigatory Powers 2000 Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Covert Surveillance: Code Of Practice) Order 2002 (SI 2002 NO. 1933) Journal Articles S. Uglow, Covert Surveillance And The Echr [1999] Crim Lr 287. D. J. Harris, M. Oboyle and C. Warbrick, Law Of The European Convention On Human Rights (1995) At 290 P. Mirfield, Regulation Of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (2): The Evidence Provisions [2001] Crim Lr 91 Books Feldman, Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales (2nd edn, 2002); S H Bailey, D J Harris D C Ormerod, Civil Liberties, Cases and Materials (5th edn, 2001); N Whitty, T Murphy S Livingstone, Civil Liberties Law: The Human Rights Act Era;

La-La Land American Ignorance Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

La-La Land American Ignorance So tell me. Who is the prime minister of Britain? What did Koizumi just do to his cabinet? Do you even know what country he’s from? What was the reelected chancellor of Germany’s stance in his recent political campaign? What resolution did the U.N. Security Council pass in late September? Which country stopped the shipment of five million dollars of uranium 155 miles from Iraqi borders? Can you even point out the location of Baghdad on a world map? Where is Arafat’s headquarters located? Do you even know who Arafat is? What 39-year old Asian businessman took control of North Korea’s recently opened â€Å"special economic zone?† Why is Milosevic being tried at The Hague? Do you know what these things, these people, and these events, have to do with the United States? More specifically, do you know how they might affect you? It is no surprise that many Americans cannot answer these questions. In general, most of us aren’t interested in what happens in countries on the other side of the globe. We feel apathetic even to domestic events occurring in states other than our own. But that is the problem – the American public does not recognize the most basic knowledge about the current events of the world due to lack of interest. The average adult perhaps only realizes that bin Laden and al Qaeda are hiding somewhere inside or outside Afghanistan and that Saddam Hussein may have a stockpile of weapons of mass destruction hidden somewhere in Iraq. But this is about as far as their familiarity with foreign affairs extends – they may not even be able to point out Baghdad on a map or what territory Desert Storm covered. They probably cannot even identify the events that occurred at Tora Bora... ...lling our gigantic walk-in closets with more dresses from Gucci than there are days in a year than we are with North Korea’s militarization of its economy. We want to watch action movies all day long, eat Ben and Jerry’s ice cream right out of the half-gallon bucket, drive fancy BMW sports cars, booze up on Smirnoff Ice, shoot up more heroin, pay thousands for prostitutes, gamble fortunes away at the MGM Grand in Vegas, and enjoy all the pleasures of life. We care more for that than anything else in the world. And our government responds to that. The media bows to our wishes. And we grow ever more apathetic, ignoring the world around us. Sources cited: Epstein, Edward J. News From Nowhere: Television and the News, Vintage, New York NY. 1973, pp. 16; Pearson, David. â€Å"The Media and Government Deception.† Propaganda Review. Spring 1989, pp. 6-11.

College Admissions Essay: Ebony and Infinity :: College Admissions Essays

Diversity Statement - Ebony and Infinity "According to the National Children's Defense Fund handout in front of you, 'One in every twenty-one thousand black women receive a Ph.D. in mathematics and/or any of the natural sciences,'" my professor explained. "If you use these figures, that means you have a better chance of being struck by lightning than of earning a doctoral degree." My heart stopped after hearing those numbers, for I was a black female student planning to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics. I asked the teacher if he was sure that those statistics weren't a misprint. He replied, "These are the correct figures." I was in disbelief while my instructor continued to discuss the other chances black students had in different fields. Still shocked hours later, I analyzed why I chose math as my major. I was strong in math; I enjoyed manipulating the equations; I loved the concepts found in the subject; Furthermore, I adored the logical thought process. Even though I had established why I chose my major, the thought of my chances continued to upset me. That is the reason why I find it so important to strive for a Ph.D. in mathematics. I believe I can beat those odds, set a positive example, and hopefully inspire others to help change those statistics. Being strong in my field, I decided to apply for a position as a math tutor. I received the job. I also ran for the freshman representative for Minority Achievers in Science (MAS) and was voted in. The experiences have helped me develop my skills and help others. As a tutor, I aid students in seeing the concepts; then they do well. In addition, I represent MAS, and they feel comfortable with my representation. Nothing makes me feel better than being around people and helping them. By getting a degree of my choice in mathematics, hopefully I will set an example for my two younger sisters. I am the first in my family to attend a four-year university. My effort to pursue my education is a good example for my sisters. I not only want to succeed, I want to raise their expectations and see them succeed also.

The Sociological and Political Subtleties of Woodstock Essay -- Explor

The Sociological and Political Subtleties of Woodstock The Woodstock festival descended on Bethel, New York promising three days of peace and music. Event organizers anticipated 15,000 people would attend but were overwhelmed by the 300,000 people that flooded this rural area of New York state from August 15 -17, 1969. While these facts are well known and indisputable, the festival itself has proven to be a controversial endeavor. What began as a small business venture was soon brimming with the controversy of an entire decade. It becomes clear when examining the strikingly different accounts of the festival that reactions varied depending on the fundamental values and personal circumstances specific to each observer and to the underlying motives of the historian describing the event. Joel Makower's Woodstock: The Oral History was particularly effective in examining Woodstock as it was experienced by the producers of the festival. The book's approach is atypical in the sense that it spends considerable time addressing exactly why and how the festival came into existence instead of droning on about drug use and mud slides. The ordeal began when John Roberts and Joel Rosenman, wealthy young entrepreneurs, placed an ad in The Wall Street Journal declaring, "Young men with unlimited capital looking for interesting and legitimate business ideas."[1] Michael Lang and Artie Kornfeld, representing only one of the thousands of replies that Roberts and Rosenman received, proposed building a recording studio for musicians in Woodstock, New York.[2] This original idea was obviously modified and resulted in the Woodstock festival as it is known today. The book effectively details everything from the initial catalyst to the re... ...8 August 1969, p. 25. "The Message of History's Biggest Happening," Time, 29 August 1969, 32. Notes [1] Joel Makower, Woodstock: The Oral History (NY: Tilden Press Inc., 1989), 24. [2] Makower, 28-29. [3] Makower, 1. [4] "Amazon.com," search for "Joel Makower". (17 February 2002). [5] Alfonso A. Narvaez, â€Å"Bethel Farmer Call Fair a Plot ‘to Avoid the Law’,† The New York Times, 20 August 1969, p. 37. [6] "Episcopal Archives," (17 February 2002). [7] Michael T. Kaufman, "Generation Gap Bridged as Monticello Residents Aid Courteous Festival Patrons," The New York Times, 18 August 1969, p. 25. [8] Narvaez, 37. [9] "The Message of History's Biggest Happening," Time, 29 August 1969, 32. [10] Time, 32. [11] Time, 33.

Case Study question

The task that Eileen and Jack are doing on a separate level has set up what seems to be a personal relationship with each other. Jack uses Eileen more like an assistant or peer than one of the regular employees. Although Eileen is t the same level as the other workers she does different tasks as them. The interaction between Eileen and Jack is what is causing the rest of the team to have a negative sentiment towards Jacks leadership. They do not see Jack's behavior as appropriate or worthy Of their trust.If the two Of them continue to separate themselves from the rest of the team, it will cause the other workers to lower their work performance since they will feel unappreciated and that their work is not being noticed. Another problem that could arise is that they could report Jack to Human resources and accuse him of unfair retirement since Eileen is getting time off and preferential treatment. Applying Path-Goal and Attainment-Schmidt Continuum of leader behavior Jack needs underst and he is causing the resentment towards Eileen.He needs to develop every team member with the style that is best for them. Jack seems to be using an Achievement-oriented leadership style with Eileen, and wants the others to just be more like her. Believe Jack needs to be supportive in finding out why the other resent Eileen, by doing this he will discover that they feel he is giving preferential treatment to Eileen. Then he will be able to identify where his team is and change his leadership behavior according to the individual member.According to Attainment and Schmidt, Jack should be more democratic in his decisions. If he wants the group to work like a team then he should be less authoritarian and more democratic. This could limit the preferential treatment given to any employee in the group. Jack will be able to clarify the goals that need to be achieved and explain that Eileen is the best to stay late, or the team will be in agreement another team member would be better for th e task.

Syllabus En301

English 301 Professional Writing & Communication SUNY Canton Spring 2013 Instructor: Eunjyu Yu, PhDOffice: FOB 520| Email: [email  protected] eduPhone: 315-386-7681| Welcome! Professional Writing & Communication is focused on preparing you to enter any workplace and assess communication expectations: Who is my audience for this document or presentation? What is my purpose? How can I best convince this audience to follow my instructions or learn this concept or respond positively? We’ll focus on the wide range of audiences, genres, and contexts that professionals commonly encounter, including the ethical issues that writers need to consider.To help you develop the skills and strategies you need to create successful communication, this course relies on strong interaction among class members. Each assignment builds toward the next: to be successful, you need to stay actively involved in the class, ask questions, and submit assignments on time. I recommend logging on daily Monda y through Saturday to stay on top of your course work. Course Description Professional communication is specialized writing and communication that helps students respond to the challenges of a technical world.In this course, students, as professionals, will analyze needs and concerns for specific workplace situations, organize effective solutions, and prepare and produce the needed memos, reports, presentations, web-sites and/or other items, which will then be assessed and evaluated by other students acting as intended users. Students will create, design, and package these documents, selecting appropriate communication technology to accomplish the task, and will then display the technical data in writing and visually, as well as present such information orally when applicable.Students should be familiar with desktop publishing and electronic presentations. Course Goals By the end of this course, students will be able to: | Course Objective| Institutional SLO| a. | identify what form s and formats of technical professional writing and communication are traditionally used on the job, choose an appropriate style for communicating specific information, analyze audience needs and interests and then present the information in written or oral form| 1. Communication2. Crit. Thinking4. Inter-Intrapersonal| b. develop and establish their credibility as authors by writing directions, memos, e-mails, reports, manuals, and other workplace oriented material, either individually or as part of a collaborative team, as well as evaluate the ethical implications of their own and others’ work| 1. Communication2. Crit. Thinking3. Prof. Competence4. Inter-Intrapersonal| c. | research specific workplace situations/problems that require a written or oral response or solution using traditional (library, surveys, interviews, etc. ) and/or innovative research methodology as necessary| 1. Communication2.Crit. Thinking3. Prof. Competence| d. | design and develop written items that h ave a clear-cut purpose and will be proficient in delivering such information in the appropriate form| 1. Communication2. Crit. Thinking4. Inter-Intrapersonal | At the top of the Assignment Sheet for each unit, I will review the goals specific to that unit and explain how activities will help you reach those goals. Textbook (Required) Kolin, P. (2012). Successful Writing at Work (Concise Third Edition). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (The e-book is available for purchase or rent at http://www. engagebrain. com/shop/isbn/9780495901945) Course Expectations This syllabus represents my contract with you for this semester. You will also receive handouts detailing individual writing assignments. You are responsible for reading and understanding all of these documents and for asking questions in a timely manner. Below are some general guidelines for successfully navigating this course. For more information on learning in an online environment, see the folder Your Course Orientation. Al l students are required to adhere to the standards outlined in SUNY Canton’s Student Handbook.Minimum Technology Requirements * Access to a working computer with Windows 2000, XP, or Vista or Mac OS X (10. 3 or higher). The computer should have a minimum 256 MB of RAM and 1GB free hard disk space. * Connection to the Internet (broadband connection such as RoadRunner or DSL is preferred; dial-up users should consult Online Learning Center). * SUNY Canton email address and access to ANGEL (the course management system). * Methods for backing up your work, such as a flash drive. Back-up Plans * Problems happen: prepare now for unexpected snafus and emergencies. Locate another computer (such as a friend or the local public library) you could use to submit your assignments in case your computer crashes or your internet service is interrupted. * Back up all work regularly, using a USB flash drive or other appropriate system. * Keep your virus protection software up to date and use it. Delivery of Assignments * All work should be submitted via ANGEL. Refer to the detailed Assignment Sheet for each unit; instructions for format and delivery are clearly spelled out. * Assignments sent via email will receive a zero. Formal documents must be in MS Word or appropriate compatible format (look for a . doc, . docx, or . rtf extension on the file). Unless otherwise noted, label your work: Yourlastname_AssignmentName. docx Contacting the Professor * Please contact me with any questions or concerns using ANGEL email (click on the â€Å"Communicate† tab). You can expect a response within 48 hours Monday through Thursday. Questions left in an assignment Drop Box or on a Discussion Board may not be noticed in a timely manner. * All email sent for this class must be professional in tone and preparation.Be sure to include an appropriate subject line with the course name (ENGL301). Demonstrate respect for my time and your own ideas by expressing your questions or concer ns in detailed, complete sentences using correct capitalization and punctuation. (See the handout on Netiquette at COURSE DOCUMENTS>SYLLABUS>FAQs for more precise information and examples. ) Demonstrating Respect Online * This class is about communication in professional environments. You are therefore expected to conduct yourself in a professional manner. Treat this like a new workplace where you don’t know anyone—the kind where people don’t wear jeans. In other words, ANGEL isn’t Facebook! ) * Making ourselves understood can be challenging in the best of circumstances. In online environments—from IMs between friends to formal business email—we must be doubly conscious of clarity and tone. (Read the handout on Netiquette at COURSE DOCUMENTS>SYLLABUS>FAQs. ) Attendance and Participation * Class participation is essential to online learning. You are expected to log on daily Monday through Saturday when classes are in session to check for mess ages and submit assignments. Follow the calendar provided below as well as the detailed Assignment Sheets provided. ADA, Family Emergencies, and Other Considerations As in the workplace, it is the responsibility of the student to advise the instructor of any concerns that may impact participation. If you are unfamiliar with course or college procedures, have a documented disability, or are experiencing a family emergency, contact me right away so that we can work out a fair and mutually agreeable solution. Campus Resources The Writing Center The Writing Center isn’t just for standard academic essays.Tutors are available to work with you on all kinds of documents. Located on the second floor of Southworth Library, the Writing Center is available throughout the school year to assist at any stage of the process, from making sense of an assignment to final editing. On campus, call the Writing Center at 386-7308 or drop by to learn more. Online students may access the Writing Cent er via email: [email  protected] edu. Online Learning SUNY Canton’s Online Learning experts are available to help you with the logistics of taking an online course. Check them out at http://www. anton. edu/ol/current. html. If you need technical assistance with ANGEL, go to http://sin. suny. edu/sin_helpdesk. htm. Career Services Don’t wait until you’ve finished your degree to learn about the amazing resources at Career Services! From exploring career options to crafting a resume, they’re the experts: http://www. canton. edu/career_services/. Southworth Library The library is an excellent place to begin your research, with databases and ebooks as well as 24/7 help from reference librarians: http://www. canton. edu/library/. Evaluation and GradingEvaluation criteria for individual assignments will be included on the handout for each unit. Generally speaking, â€Å"A† work begins by fulfilling the basic requirements of an assignment, but also demon strates superior understanding, careful preparation, and creativity. An awareness of audience and purpose is essential for producing quality work. Please note: drafts indicated on the Calendar and Assignment Sheets are required; final work will not be accepted for grading unless drafts are completed on time. Your semester grade will be based on the scale below.Should you have questions about your grade on any assignment, at any point in the semester, please contact me promptly so that we can discuss your concerns. A| Above 90%| B+| 85-89. 9%| C+| 75-79. 9%| D| 60-69. 9%| | | B| 80-84. 9%| C| 70-74. 9%| F| Below 59. 9%| Deadlines and Late Work: Your successful completion of this course depends upon your completing assigned work on schedule. Please consult the Calendar and Assignment Sheets for specific due dates; unless otherwise indicated, work due on a specific date must be properly posted by midnight on that day.Late work will not be accepted unless you can provide a legitimate, d ocumented excuse. If a problem arises that may prevent you from submitting your work on time, contact me right away. Feedback and Revision: I encourage you to seek out additional feedback from me, the Writing Center (see below), or colleagues. Please note: drafts indicated on the Calendar and Assignment Sheets are required; final work will not be accepted for grading unless drafts are completed on time. Rewrites and Extra Credit: There will be no opportunities for rewrites or extra credit.Plagiarism: While this course, with its emphasis on working collaboratively, may challenge traditional ideas about plagiarism, integrity and honesty are just as important in the workplace as in the classroom. Failure to cite sources (including colleagues or information found online) is a serious ethical breach, intentional or not. Work you submit for this course must have been written by you for this course during this semester. If you have any questions or want to coordinate writing for this class with a project you are completing for another professor, please talk to me in advance.Overview of Assignments Below is a brief overview of the assignments you will be expected to complete over the course of the semester. Please refer to the complete Assignment Sheet for each unit (see COURSE DOCUMENTS) and the Calendar below for further details and email me with any questions. Unit I: Communicating with Potential Employers This unit will focus on developing and refining strategies for successfully communicating with organizations you hope will hire you. In addition to quizzes and Discussion Forum posts, you will complete a questionnaire analyzing a job ad, resume, and cover letter.Unit II: Communicating Across Organizations In this unit, you will form teams of three to four members. Each team will be responsible for researching a current issue and communicating that information to two distinct audiences. Each team must produce a series of working documents, including a contract out lining how the team plans to work together and guidelines for resolving possible conflicts. Formal documents will include memos, an informative brochure, and a short report. Course CalendarNote: Please be aware of all relevant deadlines. Assignments must be posted by midnight on the day they’re due. For example, your first Discussion Forum post needs to be submitted by midnight on Sunday. MODULE| ASSIGNMENTS DUE| NOTES| Module 1Week of 1/21| * Read Syllabus, Netiquette, Discussion Forum Guidelines and the Unit I Assignment Sheet by Sunday 1/27 * Discussion Forum 1 (DF1) due Sunday 1/27 * Quiz 1 available until Sunday 1/27 midnight| | Module 2Week of 1/28| * Read Chapters 1 & 5 plus pp. 76-381 in Successful Writing at Work (SWW) by Wednesday 1/30 * DF2 Initial Post due Wednesday 1/30 * DF2 Reply due Thursday 1/31 * Job Ad Questionnaire due Sunday 2/3 (I will grade by 2/10) * Quiz 2 available until Sunday 2/3| | Module 3Week of 2/4| * Read SWW Ch 2 & pp. 381-394; also â€Å"Mi xing and Managing Four Generations† (on ANGEL) by Wed 2/6 * DF3 Initial Post due Wed 2/6 * DF3 Reply due Thursday 2/7 * Quiz 3 by Sunday 2/10| | Module 4 Week of 2/11| * Read SWW Ch 3 & Ch 4 * Resume draft due Sunday 2/17 (expect feedback by 2/24) * Quiz 4 by Sunday 2/17| | Module 5 Week of 2/18| * Read SWW Ch 6 &Ch 10 * Cover Letter draft due Sunday 2/24 (expect feedback by 3/4) * Quiz 5 by Sunday 2/24| | Module 6Week of 2/25| * No class. Winter break (2/23-3/3)| | Module 7Week of 3/4| * Final Resume & Cover Letter due Sunday 3/10| | Module 8Week of 3/11| * Read SWW Ch 7; â€Å"Everyday Writing† (on ANGEL) * Quiz 6 by Sunday 3/17| 3/13-16 CCCC| Module 9 Week of 3/18| * Read SWW Ch 8 & Ch 9 and Unit II Assignment Sheet * Finalize Groups for Unit II by Sunday 3/24—see Discussion Forum! Midterm grades on 3/19| Module 10 Week of 2/25| * Group Contract due Sunday 3/31| | Module 11 Week of 4/1| * Group Proposal due Sunday 4/7| | Module 12Week of 4/8| * No class. Sprin g break (4/6-4/14)| | Module 13Week of 4/15| * Draft of Report due Wed 4/17; expect feedback by 4/24| | Module 14Week of 4/22| * Draft of Informative brochure due Wed 4/24; expect feedback by 4/30| | Module 15Week of 4/29| * Final report due Tuesday 4/30| 4/27-5/1 AERA | Module 16Week of 5/6| * Final Informative brochure due Tuesday 5/7| Final grades available on 5/23|THE INSTRUCTOR HAS THE RIGHT TO MODIFY ANY SECTION OF THE SYLLABUS. EACH STUDENT IS RESPONSIBLE TO READ AND UNDERSTAND THE SYLLABUS. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. ADA is the abbreviation for the Americans with Disabilities Act. Please consult the SUNY Canton website at http://www. canton. edu/accommodative_services/ for more information.

The Tramp

NO PLACE FOR A WOMAN The Australian author Barbara Baynton had her first short story published under the title â€Å"The Tramp† in 1896 in the Christmas edition of the Bulletin. Founded in Sydney in 1880, the Bulletin was instrumental in developing the idea of Australian nationalism. It was originally a popular commercial weekly rather than a literary magazine but in the 1890s, with the literary critic A. G. Stephens as its editor, it was to become â€Å"something like a national literary club for a new generation of writers† (Carter 263).Stephens published work by many young Australian writers, including the short story writer Henry Lawson and the poet â€Å"Banjo† Paterson and in 1901 he celebrated Miles Franklin’s My Brilliant Career as the first Australian novel. 2 †¦ Stephens deemed her â€Å"too outspoken for an Australian audience† (Schaffer 154). She was unable to find a publisher in Sydney willing to print her stories as a collection a nd it was not until 1902 that six of her stories were published in London by Duckworth’s Greenback Library under the title Bush Studies. It was, on the whole, reviewed favorably.She subsequently published a novel, Human Toll, in 1907 and an expanded collection of stories in 1917. Yet, although individual stories were regularly included in anthologies of Australian literature, by the time of her death in 1929 she was better known as an antique collector and her collected stories were not reprinted until 1980. 3 Until the advent of feminist criticism in the 1980s, Baynton remained a largely forgotten figure, dismissed as a typical female writer who did not know how to control her emotions and who was unable to put her â€Å"natural talent† to good use.As late as 1983 Lucy Frost could talk of â€Å"her unusually low level of critical awareness† (65) and claim that she â€Å"relies †¦ on instinct †¦ In order to write well she needs to write honestly out o f intuitive understanding. †¦ As art it makes for failure† (65). For a long time reading the implicit in Baynton’s stories consisted in identifying the autobiographical elements and attempting to piece together her true life. She notoriously claimed, even to her own children, to be the daughter not of an Irish carpenter but of a Bengal Lancer and in later life tried to conceal he hardship of her childhood and early married life. The stories were read as â€Å"true† accounts of what it was like for a poor woman to live in the bush at the end of the nineteenth century. This paper argues that far from being a natural writer whose â€Å"talent does not extend to symbolism† (Frost 64), Baynton is a sophisticated writer who uses obliqueness simply because this was the only form of criticism open to a woman writer in Australia at this time. The apparent inability of readers to engage with the implicit in her stories stems from an unwillingness to accept her vision of life in the bush. In order to understand Baynton's technique and why earlier readers consistently failed to interpret it correctly, it is important to replace her stories in the context of the literary world in which she was working for, as Brown and Yule state, when it comes to reading the implicit: â€Å"Discourse is interpreted in the light of past experience of similar discourse by analogy with previous similar texts† (65). In 1901, the year of federation and the height of Australian nationalistic fervor, A. G.Stephens wrote: What country can offer to writers better material than Australia? We are not yet snug in cities and hamlets, molded by routine, regimented to a pattern. Every man who roams the Australian wilderness is a potential knight of Romance; every man who grapples with the Australian desert for a livelihood might sing a Homeric chant of history, or listen, baffled and beaten, to an Aeschylean dirge of defeat. The marvels of the adventurous are our d aily common-places.The drama of the conflict between Man and Destiny is played here in a scenic setting whose novelty is full of vital suggestion for the literary artist. (Ackland, 77) 5 Women are conspicuously absent in this description of Australian life as they are in the work of Henry Lawson whose stories have come to be seen as the ‘perfect’ example of nationalistic writing. In the titles of his stories women, if they exist at all, are seen as appendages of men: â€Å"The Drover’s Wife,† â€Å"The Selector’s Daughter. They are defined at best by their physical characteristics: â€Å"That Pretty Girl in the Army,† but more often than not are specifically excluded: â€Å"No Place for a Woman† or reduced to silence: â€Å"She Wouldn’t Speak. † In the texts themselves the narrators are either anonymous or male and male mate-ship is valued above marriage. In Lawson's most well-known stories the bush is a destructive forc e against which man must wage a constant battle. The landscape, perhaps predictably, is depicted in feminine terms either as a cruel mother who threatens to destroy her son or as a dangerous virgin who leads man into deadly temptation.Men survive by rallying together and are always ready to help a â€Å"mate† in distress. Women are left at home and are shown to be contented with their role as homemaker: â€Å"All days are much the same to her †¦ But this bush-woman is used to the loneliness of it †¦ She is glad when her husband returns, but she does not gush or make a fuss about it. She gets him something good to eat, and tidies up the children† (Lawson 6). Baynton's stories challenge this vision of life in the bush in a number of ways: the majority of her protagonists are female; the real danger comes not from the bush but from the men who inhabit it. From the very beginning, Baynton’s stories were subject to a form of male censorship since Stephens h eavily edited them in an attempt to render the implicit conventional and thereby make the stories conform to his vision of Australian life. Few manuscripts have survived but the changes made to two stories have been well documented. In 1984 Elizabeth Webby published an article comparing the published version of â€Å"Squeaker’s Mate† with a typescript/manuscript held in the Mitchell Library.She noted that in the published version the structure has been tightened and some ambiguity removed by replacing many of the pronouns by nouns. More importantly, the ending has been changed and, since endings play such a crucial role in the understanding of a short story, this has important repercussions on the whole text: The new, more conventionally moralistic ending demanded a more actively brutal Squeaker and a more passive, suffering Mary. So traditional male/female characteristics were superimposed on Baynton’s original characters, characters designed to question such s exual stereotypes.As well, the main emphasis was shifted from its ostensible object Squeaker’s mate, to her attacker and defender; instead of a study of a reversal of sex, we have a tale of true or false mateship. (459) 7 Despite these changes the text's conformity to the traditional Australian story of mate-ship which the Bulletin readers had come to expect remains superficial. The title itself is an ironic parody of Lawson's story titles. The woman is defined by her relationship to the man but the roles are reversed. The man has become the effeminate â€Å"Squeaker,† the woman the masculine â€Å"mate. As in Lawson's stories the male character's words are reported in passages of direct speech and the reader has access to his thoughts while the woman's words are reported only indirectly: â€Å"†¦ waiting for her to be up and about again. That would be soon, she told her complaining mate† (16). However, and this is an important difference with Lawson's sto ries, in Baynton's work the text deliberately draws attention to what is not said. For example when Squeaker leaves her without food and drink for two days: â€Å"Of them [the sheep] and the dog only she spoke when he returned† (16), or again: â€Å"No word of complaint passed her lips† (18).By the end of the story the woman has stopped speaking altogether and the reader is deliberately denied all access to her thoughts and feelings: â€Å"What the sick woman thought was not definite for she kept silent always† (20). The main character is thus marginalised both in the title and in the story itself. The story is constructed around her absence and it is precisely what is not said which draws attention to the hardships of the woman's life. 8 A similar technique is used in â€Å"Billy Skywonkie. The protagonist, who remains unnamed throughout the story, is not even mentioned until the fourth paragraph where she is described as â€Å"the listening woman passengerâ €  (46). She is thus from the start designated as external to the action. Although there is a lot of dialogue in direct speech in the story, the protagonist’s own words are always reported indirectly. The reader is never allowed direct access to her thoughts but must infer what is going on in her mind from expressions like â€Å"in nervous fear† (47) or â€Å"with the fascination of horror† (53).Despite the awfulness of the male characters, the decentering of the protagonist makes it possible for readers unwilling to accept Baynton’s views on life in the bush to accept the explicitly stated opinions of the male characters and to dismiss the woman as an unwelcome outsider. 9 The most significant changes to the original stories, and those about which Baynton apparently felt most strongly since she removed them from the text of Bush Studies, concern the story now known as â€Å"The Chosen Vessel. † This story, as many critics have remarked, is a ve rsion of â€Å"The Drover's Wife† in which the â€Å"gallows-faced swagman† (Lawson 6) does not leave.Lawson's text states repeatedly that the wife is â€Å"used to† the loneliness of her life, suggesting even that it is easier for her than for him: â€Å"They are used to being apart, or at least she is† (4). Baynton's character, on the other hand, dislikes being alone and the story shows the extreme vulnerability of women, not at the hands of Nature, but at the hands of men. 10 Baynton originally submitted the story under the title â€Å"When the Curlew Cried† but Stephens changed this to â€Å"The Tramp. † Once again his editorial changes deflect the reader’s attention away from the female character.By implicitly making the man rather than the woman the central figure, the rape and murder are reduced to one ‘episode’ in the tramp’s life. Kay Schaffer underlines (156) that this attempt to remove the woman from the story is also to be found in the work of the critic A. A. Phillips. For many years he was the only person to have written on Baynton and his article contains the preposterous sentence that her major theme is â€Å"the image of a lonely bush hut besieged by a terrifying figure who is also a terrified figure† (150).As Schaffer rightly points out, it is difficult to understand how any reader can possibly consider that the man who is contemplating rape and murder is a â€Å"terrified figure. † 11 As was then the convention, both the rape and murder are implicit: She knew that he was offering terms if she ceased to struggle and cry for help, though louder and louder did she cry for it, but it was only when the man’s hand gripped her throat that the cry of â€Å"Murder† came from her lips. And when she ceased, the startled curlews took up the awful sound, and flew wailing â€Å"Murder! Murder! over the horseman’s head (85). 12 Stephen’s delibera te suppression of two passages, however, means the reader can infer a very different meaning to events than that intended by Baynton. The Bulletin version omits the scene in which Peter Henessey explains how he mistakenly thought the figure of the woman shouting for help was a vision of the Virgin Mary. The only possible reading in this version is that the horseman was riding too fast and simply did not hear her calls: â€Å"She called to him in Christ’s Name, in her babe’s name †¦ But the distance grew greater and greater between them† (85).Baynton’s original version leads to a very different interpretation: ‘Mary! Mother of Christ! ’ He repeated the invocation half unconsciously, when suddenly to him, out of the stillness, came Christ’s Name – called loudly in despairing accents †¦ Gliding across a ghostly patch of pipe-clay, he saw a white-robed figure with a babe clasped to her bosom. †¦ The moonlight on the g leaming clay was a ‘heavenly light’ to him, and he knew the white figure not for flesh and blood, but for the Virgin and Child of his mother’s prayers.Then, good Catholic that once more he was, he put spurs to his horse’s sides and galloped madly away (86-7). 13 By clarifying what is going on in the horseman’s mind, Baynton is implying that patriarchal society as a whole is guilty. This interpretation is confirmed by the fact that the woman does not exist as a person in her own right in the eyes of any of the male characters. Her husband denies her sexual identity: â€Å"Needn’t flatter yerself †¦ nobody ‘ud want ter run away with yew† (82); the swagman sees her as a sexual object, Peter Henessey as a religious one.Taken individually there is nothing original in these visions of woman but their accumulation is surprising and ought to lead the reader to consider what place is left for a woman as a person. 14 Stephen's second omission is a paragraph near the beginning of the story where the reader is told: â€Å"She was not afraid of horsemen, but swagmen† (81). This sentence is perhaps one of the best examples of the way the implicit works in Baynton's stories. The presupposition, at the time widely accepted, is that horsemen and swagmen are different.Explicitly asserting the contrary would have been immediately challenged and Baynton never takes this risk. Only with the story's denouement does the reader become aware that the presupposition is false, that both horsemen and swagmen are to be feared. 15 The other technique frequently used by Baynton is that of metaphor and metonymy. According to Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni: â€Å"le trope n'est qu'un cas particulier du fonctionnement de l'implicite. †¦ Tout trope est une deviance et se caracterise par un mecanisme de substitution – mais substitution de quoi a quoi, et deviance de quoi par rapport a quoi† (94;109).Readers of Bus h Studies have all too often identified only the substitution, not the deviance. 16 In her detailed analysis of â€Å"The Chosen Vessel† Kay Schaffer examines the significance of the last paragraph of the story in which the swagman tries to wash the sheep’s blood from his dog’s mouth and throat. She is particularly interested in the last sentence â€Å"But the dog also was guilty† (88). Most readers have seen this as a simple, almost superfluous statement, whose only aim is to underline the parallel between man and dog: the man killed a woman, the dog a sheep.Schaffer on the other hand sees here a reference to the first paragraph: â€Å"but the woman’s husband was angry and called her – the noun was cur† (Baynton 81). She analyses the metonymic association of woman and dog and argues that the woman’s dog-like loyalty to a husband who abuses her is open to criticism since as a human being she is capable of making decisions for h erself. According to Schaffer's reading: â€Å"Her massive acceptance of the situation makes her an accomplice in her fate† (165). 17Most readers do identify the woman’s metaphoric association with the cow as a symbol of the maternal instinct but Schaffer again goes one step further and argues that since the woman is afraid of the cow she is consequently afraid of the maternal in herself but in participating, albeit reluctantly, in control of the cow, her husband’s property, she also participates in maintaining patriarchal society and therefore: â€Å"Although never made explicit in the text, by metonymic links and metaphoric referents, the woman paradoxically is what she fears.She embodies ‘the maternal’ in the symbolic order. She belongs to the same economy which brings about her murder† (165). 18 The baby is rescued by a boundary rider, but this does not mean that motherhood emerges as a positive force in the story. Baynton’s title â€Å"The Chosen Vessel† implies that the abstract concept of the maternal can exist only at the cost of the woman by denying the mother the right to exist as a person: The Virgin Mary exists only to provide God with his Son, a wife is there to ensure the transmission of power and property from father to son.At the end of Baynton’s story even this reverenced position is denied women: â€Å"Once more the face of the Madonna and Child looked down on [Peter] †¦ ‘My Lord and my God! ’ was the exaltation ‘And hast Thou chosen me? ’ Ultimately Schaffer argues: If one reads through the contradictions, woman is not guilty at all – she is wholly absent. She takes no part in the actions of the story except to represent male desire as either Virgin or whore †¦ She has been named, captured, controlled, appropriated, violated, raped and murdered, and then reverenced through the signifying practices of the text.And these contradictory prac tices through which the ‘woman' is dispersed in the text are possible by her very absence from the symbolic order except by reference to her phallic repossession by Man. (168) 19 In a similar way Baynton's use of sheep as a metonym for women and passive suffering is often remarked upon but is seen as little more than a cliche.This view is justified by referring to â€Å"Squeaker’s Mate† where the woman is powerless to stop Squeaker selling her sheep, many of which she considers as pets, to the butcher and to â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† which ends with an apparently stereotypical image prefiguring the â€Å"meaningless sacrifice† (Krimmer and Lawson xxii) of the woman in â€Å"The Chosen Vessel†: â€Å"She noticed that the sheep lay passive, with its head back till its neck curved in a bow, and that the glitter of the knife was reflected in its eye† (Baynton 60).Hergenhan does go slightly further by arguing that this is also an example of Ba ynton’s denial of the redemptive power of the sacrificial animal (216) but when the collection as a whole is considered, and the different references are read in parallel, the metonym turns out to be far more ambiguous. 20 In â€Å"Scrammy ‘And† the knife is clearly not a dangerous instrument: â€Å"The only weapon that the old fellow had was the useless butcher’s knife† (41, my italics). Even more significantly in this story the reflection of the moonlight in the sheep’s eyes is sufficient to temporarily discourageScrammy: â€Å"The way those thousand eyes reflected the rising moon was disconcerting. The whole of the night seemed pregnant with eyes† (38). Far from being â€Å"innocent† creatures the sheep are associated with convicts: â€Å"The moonlight’s undulating white scales across their shorn backs brought out the fresh tar brand 8, setting him thinking of the links of that convict gang chain long ago† (42). Nor are sheep seen to be entirely passive: â€Å"She was wiser now, though sheep are slow to learn† (44). 21 In this respect the symbolism of the ewe and the poddy lamb is particularly interesting.The old man claims that this is the third lamb that he has had to poddy. He accuses the ewe of not being â€Å"nat’ral† (34), and having a â€Å"blarsted imperdence† (30). The narrator, on the other hand, describes her as â€Å"the unashamed silent mother† (30). What is being challenged is not her motherhood but her apparent lack of maternal instinct. Once the shepherd is dead, the ewe is capable of teaching her lamb to drink suggesting that it is in fact the man who prevents the maternal from developing. This would seem to be confirmed by the repeated remark that men insist on cows and calves being penned separately.Thus apparently hackneyed images are in fact used in a deviant way so as to undermine traditional bush values. 22 In much the same way, Bay nton’s cliches also deviate from expected usage. For example in â€Å"Scrammy ‘And† the old shepherd sums up his view of women as: â€Å"They can’t never do anythin’ right, an’ orlways, continerally they gets a man inter trouble (30). † By inverting the roles of men and women in the expression â€Å"getting into trouble† the text suggests that values in the Bush are radically different to elsewhere. Something which is confirmed in â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† where the narrator reflects: â€Å"She felt she had lost her mental balance.Little matters became distorted and the greater shrivelled† (55). 23 Similarly the apparently stereotypical descriptions of the landscape in fact undermine the Bulletin vision of Australia. In â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† the countryside is described as â€Å"barren shelterless plains† (47). Were the description to stop here it could be interpreted as a typical male image of the land as dangerous female but the text continues; the land is barren because of â€Å"the tireless greedy sun† (47). In the traditional dichotomy man/woman; active/passive the sun is always masculine and like the sun the men in Bush Studies are shown to be greedy.Although never explicitly stated, this seems to suggest that it is not the land itself which is hostile but the activities of men which make it so. Schaffer sees a confirmation of this (152) in the fact that it is the Konk’s nose which for the protagonist â€Å"blotted the landscape and dwarfed all perspective† (Baynton 50). In Baynton’s work women are associated with the land because both are victims of men. 24 The least understood story in the collection is undoubtedly â€Å"Bush Church†: Krimmer and Lawson talk of its â€Å"grim meaninglessness† (xxii) and Phillips complains that it is â€Å"almost without plot† (155).It is perhaps not surprising that this story should be the m ost complex in its use of language. Of all the stories in the collection â€Å"Bush Church† is the one which contains the most direct speech, written in an unfamiliar colloquial Australian English. These passages deliberately flout what Grice describes as the maxims of relevance and manner – they seem neither to advance the plot nor to add to the reader's understanding of the characters. 25 Most readers are thrown by this failure to respect conversational maxims and the co-operative principal. Consequently they pay insufficient attention to individual sentences.Moreover, the sentences are structured in such a way as to make it difficult for the reader to question their ‘truth’ or even to locate their subversive nature. As Jean Jacques Weber points out, the natural tendency is to challenge what the sentence asserts rather than what it presupposes (164). This is clearly illustrated by the opening sentence: â€Å"The hospitality of the bush never extends to the loan of a good horse to an inexperienced rider† (61). Readers may object that they know of occasions when a good horse was loaned to an inexperienced rider but few realise that the assertion in fact negates the presupposition.Baynton is not talking here about the loan of a horse but is challenging one of the fundamental myths of life in the bush – that there is such a thing as bush hospitality. 26 Once again a comparison with Lawson is illuminating. Lawson's anonymous narrator says of the Drover's wife: â€Å"She seems contented with her lot† (6). In â€Å"Bush Church† this becomes: â€Å"But for all this Liz thought she was fairly happy† (70). Although semantically their meaning is similar, pragmatically they could not be more different.It is not the anonymous narrator but Liz who is uncertain of her feelings and feels it necessary to qualify â€Å"happy† by â€Å"fairly. † More importantly the presupposition, â€Å"but for all t his,† deliberately leaves unsaid the extreme poverty and the beatings to which Liz is subject. 27 Susan Sheridan, talking of Baynton’s novel Human Toll, says: â€Å"the assumption that it is autobiographical deflects attention from the novel’s textuality as if the assertion that it was all ‘true’ and that writing was a necessary catharsis could account for its strangely wrought prose and obscure dynamics of desire† (67).The same is true of her short stories. By persisting in reading her as a â€Å"realist† writer many readers fail to notice her sophisticated use of language. Perhaps because none of the stories has a narrator to guide the reader in their interpretation or because the reader has little or no direct access to the protagonist’s thoughts, or because of the flouting of conversational maxims and the co-operative principal, sentences are taken at face value and all too often little attempt is made to decode the irony or to question what on the surface appears to be statements of fact.Hergenhan queries the success of a strategy of such extreme obliqueness: â€Å"It is difficult to understand why Baynton did not make it clearer as the ellipsis is carried so far that the clues have eluded most readers† (217), but it should be remembered that, given the circumstances in which she was trying to publish, direct criticism was never an option for Baynton. What is essential in decoding Baynton’s work is to accept that it is not about women but about the absence of women who are shown to be victims both of men in the bush and of language. The Tramp NO PLACE FOR A WOMAN The Australian author Barbara Baynton had her first short story published under the title â€Å"The Tramp† in 1896 in the Christmas edition of the Bulletin. Founded in Sydney in 1880, the Bulletin was instrumental in developing the idea of Australian nationalism. It was originally a popular commercial weekly rather than a literary magazine but in the 1890s, with the literary critic A. G. Stephens as its editor, it was to become â€Å"something like a national literary club for a new generation of writers† (Carter 263).Stephens published work by many young Australian writers, including the short story writer Henry Lawson and the poet â€Å"Banjo† Paterson and in 1901 he celebrated Miles Franklin’s My Brilliant Career as the first Australian novel. 2 †¦ Stephens deemed her â€Å"too outspoken for an Australian audience† (Schaffer 154). She was unable to find a publisher in Sydney willing to print her stories as a collection a nd it was not until 1902 that six of her stories were published in London by Duckworth’s Greenback Library under the title Bush Studies. It was, on the whole, reviewed favorably.She subsequently published a novel, Human Toll, in 1907 and an expanded collection of stories in 1917. Yet, although individual stories were regularly included in anthologies of Australian literature, by the time of her death in 1929 she was better known as an antique collector and her collected stories were not reprinted until 1980. 3 Until the advent of feminist criticism in the 1980s, Baynton remained a largely forgotten figure, dismissed as a typical female writer who did not know how to control her emotions and who was unable to put her â€Å"natural talent† to good use.As late as 1983 Lucy Frost could talk of â€Å"her unusually low level of critical awareness† (65) and claim that she â€Å"relies †¦ on instinct †¦ In order to write well she needs to write honestly out o f intuitive understanding. †¦ As art it makes for failure† (65). For a long time reading the implicit in Baynton’s stories consisted in identifying the autobiographical elements and attempting to piece together her true life. She notoriously claimed, even to her own children, to be the daughter not of an Irish carpenter but of a Bengal Lancer and in later life tried to conceal he hardship of her childhood and early married life. The stories were read as â€Å"true† accounts of what it was like for a poor woman to live in the bush at the end of the nineteenth century. This paper argues that far from being a natural writer whose â€Å"talent does not extend to symbolism† (Frost 64), Baynton is a sophisticated writer who uses obliqueness simply because this was the only form of criticism open to a woman writer in Australia at this time. The apparent inability of readers to engage with the implicit in her stories stems from an unwillingness to accept her vision of life in the bush. In order to understand Baynton's technique and why earlier readers consistently failed to interpret it correctly, it is important to replace her stories in the context of the literary world in which she was working for, as Brown and Yule state, when it comes to reading the implicit: â€Å"Discourse is interpreted in the light of past experience of similar discourse by analogy with previous similar texts† (65). In 1901, the year of federation and the height of Australian nationalistic fervor, A. G.Stephens wrote: What country can offer to writers better material than Australia? We are not yet snug in cities and hamlets, molded by routine, regimented to a pattern. Every man who roams the Australian wilderness is a potential knight of Romance; every man who grapples with the Australian desert for a livelihood might sing a Homeric chant of history, or listen, baffled and beaten, to an Aeschylean dirge of defeat. The marvels of the adventurous are our d aily common-places.The drama of the conflict between Man and Destiny is played here in a scenic setting whose novelty is full of vital suggestion for the literary artist. (Ackland, 77) 5 Women are conspicuously absent in this description of Australian life as they are in the work of Henry Lawson whose stories have come to be seen as the ‘perfect’ example of nationalistic writing. In the titles of his stories women, if they exist at all, are seen as appendages of men: â€Å"The Drover’s Wife,† â€Å"The Selector’s Daughter. They are defined at best by their physical characteristics: â€Å"That Pretty Girl in the Army,† but more often than not are specifically excluded: â€Å"No Place for a Woman† or reduced to silence: â€Å"She Wouldn’t Speak. † In the texts themselves the narrators are either anonymous or male and male mate-ship is valued above marriage. In Lawson's most well-known stories the bush is a destructive forc e against which man must wage a constant battle. The landscape, perhaps predictably, is depicted in feminine terms either as a cruel mother who threatens to destroy her son or as a dangerous virgin who leads man into deadly temptation.Men survive by rallying together and are always ready to help a â€Å"mate† in distress. Women are left at home and are shown to be contented with their role as homemaker: â€Å"All days are much the same to her †¦ But this bush-woman is used to the loneliness of it †¦ She is glad when her husband returns, but she does not gush or make a fuss about it. She gets him something good to eat, and tidies up the children† (Lawson 6). Baynton's stories challenge this vision of life in the bush in a number of ways: the majority of her protagonists are female; the real danger comes not from the bush but from the men who inhabit it. From the very beginning, Baynton’s stories were subject to a form of male censorship since Stephens h eavily edited them in an attempt to render the implicit conventional and thereby make the stories conform to his vision of Australian life. Few manuscripts have survived but the changes made to two stories have been well documented. In 1984 Elizabeth Webby published an article comparing the published version of â€Å"Squeaker’s Mate† with a typescript/manuscript held in the Mitchell Library.She noted that in the published version the structure has been tightened and some ambiguity removed by replacing many of the pronouns by nouns. More importantly, the ending has been changed and, since endings play such a crucial role in the understanding of a short story, this has important repercussions on the whole text: The new, more conventionally moralistic ending demanded a more actively brutal Squeaker and a more passive, suffering Mary. So traditional male/female characteristics were superimposed on Baynton’s original characters, characters designed to question such s exual stereotypes.As well, the main emphasis was shifted from its ostensible object Squeaker’s mate, to her attacker and defender; instead of a study of a reversal of sex, we have a tale of true or false mateship. (459) 7 Despite these changes the text's conformity to the traditional Australian story of mate-ship which the Bulletin readers had come to expect remains superficial. The title itself is an ironic parody of Lawson's story titles. The woman is defined by her relationship to the man but the roles are reversed. The man has become the effeminate â€Å"Squeaker,† the woman the masculine â€Å"mate. As in Lawson's stories the male character's words are reported in passages of direct speech and the reader has access to his thoughts while the woman's words are reported only indirectly: â€Å"†¦ waiting for her to be up and about again. That would be soon, she told her complaining mate† (16). However, and this is an important difference with Lawson's sto ries, in Baynton's work the text deliberately draws attention to what is not said. For example when Squeaker leaves her without food and drink for two days: â€Å"Of them [the sheep] and the dog only she spoke when he returned† (16), or again: â€Å"No word of complaint passed her lips† (18).By the end of the story the woman has stopped speaking altogether and the reader is deliberately denied all access to her thoughts and feelings: â€Å"What the sick woman thought was not definite for she kept silent always† (20). The main character is thus marginalised both in the title and in the story itself. The story is constructed around her absence and it is precisely what is not said which draws attention to the hardships of the woman's life. 8 A similar technique is used in â€Å"Billy Skywonkie. The protagonist, who remains unnamed throughout the story, is not even mentioned until the fourth paragraph where she is described as â€Å"the listening woman passengerâ €  (46). She is thus from the start designated as external to the action. Although there is a lot of dialogue in direct speech in the story, the protagonist’s own words are always reported indirectly. The reader is never allowed direct access to her thoughts but must infer what is going on in her mind from expressions like â€Å"in nervous fear† (47) or â€Å"with the fascination of horror† (53).Despite the awfulness of the male characters, the decentering of the protagonist makes it possible for readers unwilling to accept Baynton’s views on life in the bush to accept the explicitly stated opinions of the male characters and to dismiss the woman as an unwelcome outsider. 9 The most significant changes to the original stories, and those about which Baynton apparently felt most strongly since she removed them from the text of Bush Studies, concern the story now known as â€Å"The Chosen Vessel. † This story, as many critics have remarked, is a ve rsion of â€Å"The Drover's Wife† in which the â€Å"gallows-faced swagman† (Lawson 6) does not leave.Lawson's text states repeatedly that the wife is â€Å"used to† the loneliness of her life, suggesting even that it is easier for her than for him: â€Å"They are used to being apart, or at least she is† (4). Baynton's character, on the other hand, dislikes being alone and the story shows the extreme vulnerability of women, not at the hands of Nature, but at the hands of men. 10 Baynton originally submitted the story under the title â€Å"When the Curlew Cried† but Stephens changed this to â€Å"The Tramp. † Once again his editorial changes deflect the reader’s attention away from the female character.By implicitly making the man rather than the woman the central figure, the rape and murder are reduced to one ‘episode’ in the tramp’s life. Kay Schaffer underlines (156) that this attempt to remove the woman from the story is also to be found in the work of the critic A. A. Phillips. For many years he was the only person to have written on Baynton and his article contains the preposterous sentence that her major theme is â€Å"the image of a lonely bush hut besieged by a terrifying figure who is also a terrified figure† (150).As Schaffer rightly points out, it is difficult to understand how any reader can possibly consider that the man who is contemplating rape and murder is a â€Å"terrified figure. † 11 As was then the convention, both the rape and murder are implicit: She knew that he was offering terms if she ceased to struggle and cry for help, though louder and louder did she cry for it, but it was only when the man’s hand gripped her throat that the cry of â€Å"Murder† came from her lips. And when she ceased, the startled curlews took up the awful sound, and flew wailing â€Å"Murder! Murder! over the horseman’s head (85). 12 Stephen’s delibera te suppression of two passages, however, means the reader can infer a very different meaning to events than that intended by Baynton. The Bulletin version omits the scene in which Peter Henessey explains how he mistakenly thought the figure of the woman shouting for help was a vision of the Virgin Mary. The only possible reading in this version is that the horseman was riding too fast and simply did not hear her calls: â€Å"She called to him in Christ’s Name, in her babe’s name †¦ But the distance grew greater and greater between them† (85).Baynton’s original version leads to a very different interpretation: ‘Mary! Mother of Christ! ’ He repeated the invocation half unconsciously, when suddenly to him, out of the stillness, came Christ’s Name – called loudly in despairing accents †¦ Gliding across a ghostly patch of pipe-clay, he saw a white-robed figure with a babe clasped to her bosom. †¦ The moonlight on the g leaming clay was a ‘heavenly light’ to him, and he knew the white figure not for flesh and blood, but for the Virgin and Child of his mother’s prayers.Then, good Catholic that once more he was, he put spurs to his horse’s sides and galloped madly away (86-7). 13 By clarifying what is going on in the horseman’s mind, Baynton is implying that patriarchal society as a whole is guilty. This interpretation is confirmed by the fact that the woman does not exist as a person in her own right in the eyes of any of the male characters. Her husband denies her sexual identity: â€Å"Needn’t flatter yerself †¦ nobody ‘ud want ter run away with yew† (82); the swagman sees her as a sexual object, Peter Henessey as a religious one.Taken individually there is nothing original in these visions of woman but their accumulation is surprising and ought to lead the reader to consider what place is left for a woman as a person. 14 Stephen's second omission is a paragraph near the beginning of the story where the reader is told: â€Å"She was not afraid of horsemen, but swagmen† (81). This sentence is perhaps one of the best examples of the way the implicit works in Baynton's stories. The presupposition, at the time widely accepted, is that horsemen and swagmen are different.Explicitly asserting the contrary would have been immediately challenged and Baynton never takes this risk. Only with the story's denouement does the reader become aware that the presupposition is false, that both horsemen and swagmen are to be feared. 15 The other technique frequently used by Baynton is that of metaphor and metonymy. According to Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni: â€Å"le trope n'est qu'un cas particulier du fonctionnement de l'implicite. †¦ Tout trope est une deviance et se caracterise par un mecanisme de substitution – mais substitution de quoi a quoi, et deviance de quoi par rapport a quoi† (94;109).Readers of Bus h Studies have all too often identified only the substitution, not the deviance. 16 In her detailed analysis of â€Å"The Chosen Vessel† Kay Schaffer examines the significance of the last paragraph of the story in which the swagman tries to wash the sheep’s blood from his dog’s mouth and throat. She is particularly interested in the last sentence â€Å"But the dog also was guilty† (88). Most readers have seen this as a simple, almost superfluous statement, whose only aim is to underline the parallel between man and dog: the man killed a woman, the dog a sheep.Schaffer on the other hand sees here a reference to the first paragraph: â€Å"but the woman’s husband was angry and called her – the noun was cur† (Baynton 81). She analyses the metonymic association of woman and dog and argues that the woman’s dog-like loyalty to a husband who abuses her is open to criticism since as a human being she is capable of making decisions for h erself. According to Schaffer's reading: â€Å"Her massive acceptance of the situation makes her an accomplice in her fate† (165). 17Most readers do identify the woman’s metaphoric association with the cow as a symbol of the maternal instinct but Schaffer again goes one step further and argues that since the woman is afraid of the cow she is consequently afraid of the maternal in herself but in participating, albeit reluctantly, in control of the cow, her husband’s property, she also participates in maintaining patriarchal society and therefore: â€Å"Although never made explicit in the text, by metonymic links and metaphoric referents, the woman paradoxically is what she fears.She embodies ‘the maternal’ in the symbolic order. She belongs to the same economy which brings about her murder† (165). 18 The baby is rescued by a boundary rider, but this does not mean that motherhood emerges as a positive force in the story. Baynton’s title â€Å"The Chosen Vessel† implies that the abstract concept of the maternal can exist only at the cost of the woman by denying the mother the right to exist as a person: The Virgin Mary exists only to provide God with his Son, a wife is there to ensure the transmission of power and property from father to son.At the end of Baynton’s story even this reverenced position is denied women: â€Å"Once more the face of the Madonna and Child looked down on [Peter] †¦ ‘My Lord and my God! ’ was the exaltation ‘And hast Thou chosen me? ’ Ultimately Schaffer argues: If one reads through the contradictions, woman is not guilty at all – she is wholly absent. She takes no part in the actions of the story except to represent male desire as either Virgin or whore †¦ She has been named, captured, controlled, appropriated, violated, raped and murdered, and then reverenced through the signifying practices of the text.And these contradictory prac tices through which the ‘woman' is dispersed in the text are possible by her very absence from the symbolic order except by reference to her phallic repossession by Man. (168) 19 In a similar way Baynton's use of sheep as a metonym for women and passive suffering is often remarked upon but is seen as little more than a cliche.This view is justified by referring to â€Å"Squeaker’s Mate† where the woman is powerless to stop Squeaker selling her sheep, many of which she considers as pets, to the butcher and to â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† which ends with an apparently stereotypical image prefiguring the â€Å"meaningless sacrifice† (Krimmer and Lawson xxii) of the woman in â€Å"The Chosen Vessel†: â€Å"She noticed that the sheep lay passive, with its head back till its neck curved in a bow, and that the glitter of the knife was reflected in its eye† (Baynton 60).Hergenhan does go slightly further by arguing that this is also an example of Ba ynton’s denial of the redemptive power of the sacrificial animal (216) but when the collection as a whole is considered, and the different references are read in parallel, the metonym turns out to be far more ambiguous. 20 In â€Å"Scrammy ‘And† the knife is clearly not a dangerous instrument: â€Å"The only weapon that the old fellow had was the useless butcher’s knife† (41, my italics). Even more significantly in this story the reflection of the moonlight in the sheep’s eyes is sufficient to temporarily discourageScrammy: â€Å"The way those thousand eyes reflected the rising moon was disconcerting. The whole of the night seemed pregnant with eyes† (38). Far from being â€Å"innocent† creatures the sheep are associated with convicts: â€Å"The moonlight’s undulating white scales across their shorn backs brought out the fresh tar brand 8, setting him thinking of the links of that convict gang chain long ago† (42). Nor are sheep seen to be entirely passive: â€Å"She was wiser now, though sheep are slow to learn† (44). 21 In this respect the symbolism of the ewe and the poddy lamb is particularly interesting.The old man claims that this is the third lamb that he has had to poddy. He accuses the ewe of not being â€Å"nat’ral† (34), and having a â€Å"blarsted imperdence† (30). The narrator, on the other hand, describes her as â€Å"the unashamed silent mother† (30). What is being challenged is not her motherhood but her apparent lack of maternal instinct. Once the shepherd is dead, the ewe is capable of teaching her lamb to drink suggesting that it is in fact the man who prevents the maternal from developing. This would seem to be confirmed by the repeated remark that men insist on cows and calves being penned separately.Thus apparently hackneyed images are in fact used in a deviant way so as to undermine traditional bush values. 22 In much the same way, Bay nton’s cliches also deviate from expected usage. For example in â€Å"Scrammy ‘And† the old shepherd sums up his view of women as: â€Å"They can’t never do anythin’ right, an’ orlways, continerally they gets a man inter trouble (30). † By inverting the roles of men and women in the expression â€Å"getting into trouble† the text suggests that values in the Bush are radically different to elsewhere. Something which is confirmed in â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† where the narrator reflects: â€Å"She felt she had lost her mental balance.Little matters became distorted and the greater shrivelled† (55). 23 Similarly the apparently stereotypical descriptions of the landscape in fact undermine the Bulletin vision of Australia. In â€Å"Billy Skywonkie† the countryside is described as â€Å"barren shelterless plains† (47). Were the description to stop here it could be interpreted as a typical male image of the land as dangerous female but the text continues; the land is barren because of â€Å"the tireless greedy sun† (47). In the traditional dichotomy man/woman; active/passive the sun is always masculine and like the sun the men in Bush Studies are shown to be greedy.Although never explicitly stated, this seems to suggest that it is not the land itself which is hostile but the activities of men which make it so. Schaffer sees a confirmation of this (152) in the fact that it is the Konk’s nose which for the protagonist â€Å"blotted the landscape and dwarfed all perspective† (Baynton 50). In Baynton’s work women are associated with the land because both are victims of men. 24 The least understood story in the collection is undoubtedly â€Å"Bush Church†: Krimmer and Lawson talk of its â€Å"grim meaninglessness† (xxii) and Phillips complains that it is â€Å"almost without plot† (155).It is perhaps not surprising that this story should be the m ost complex in its use of language. Of all the stories in the collection â€Å"Bush Church† is the one which contains the most direct speech, written in an unfamiliar colloquial Australian English. These passages deliberately flout what Grice describes as the maxims of relevance and manner – they seem neither to advance the plot nor to add to the reader's understanding of the characters. 25 Most readers are thrown by this failure to respect conversational maxims and the co-operative principal. Consequently they pay insufficient attention to individual sentences.Moreover, the sentences are structured in such a way as to make it difficult for the reader to question their ‘truth’ or even to locate their subversive nature. As Jean Jacques Weber points out, the natural tendency is to challenge what the sentence asserts rather than what it presupposes (164). This is clearly illustrated by the opening sentence: â€Å"The hospitality of the bush never extends to the loan of a good horse to an inexperienced rider† (61). Readers may object that they know of occasions when a good horse was loaned to an inexperienced rider but few realise that the assertion in fact negates the presupposition.Baynton is not talking here about the loan of a horse but is challenging one of the fundamental myths of life in the bush – that there is such a thing as bush hospitality. 26 Once again a comparison with Lawson is illuminating. Lawson's anonymous narrator says of the Drover's wife: â€Å"She seems contented with her lot† (6). In â€Å"Bush Church† this becomes: â€Å"But for all this Liz thought she was fairly happy† (70). Although semantically their meaning is similar, pragmatically they could not be more different.It is not the anonymous narrator but Liz who is uncertain of her feelings and feels it necessary to qualify â€Å"happy† by â€Å"fairly. † More importantly the presupposition, â€Å"but for all t his,† deliberately leaves unsaid the extreme poverty and the beatings to which Liz is subject. 27 Susan Sheridan, talking of Baynton’s novel Human Toll, says: â€Å"the assumption that it is autobiographical deflects attention from the novel’s textuality as if the assertion that it was all ‘true’ and that writing was a necessary catharsis could account for its strangely wrought prose and obscure dynamics of desire† (67).The same is true of her short stories. By persisting in reading her as a â€Å"realist† writer many readers fail to notice her sophisticated use of language. Perhaps because none of the stories has a narrator to guide the reader in their interpretation or because the reader has little or no direct access to the protagonist’s thoughts, or because of the flouting of conversational maxims and the co-operative principal, sentences are taken at face value and all too often little attempt is made to decode the irony or to question what on the surface appears to be statements of fact.Hergenhan queries the success of a strategy of such extreme obliqueness: â€Å"It is difficult to understand why Baynton did not make it clearer as the ellipsis is carried so far that the clues have eluded most readers† (217), but it should be remembered that, given the circumstances in which she was trying to publish, direct criticism was never an option for Baynton. What is essential in decoding Baynton’s work is to accept that it is not about women but about the absence of women who are shown to be victims both of men in the bush and of language.